International Journal of Horticulture, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 381-393 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 387 (QTL) mapping have identified markers linked to economically important traits, significantly improving the efficiency and accuracy of selection (McAdam et al., 2013; Henning et al., 2019). The draft genome assemblies of various hop cultivars have provided valuable insights into the genetic basis of traits, further aiding in the development of high-quality hop varieties (Natsume et al., 2015; Padgitt-Cobb et al., 2021). 6.2 Future directions in hop variety development The future of hop breeding lies in the development of new varieties that can meet the evolving demands of the brewing industry and address environmental challenges. One key area of focus is improving disease resistance. By utilizing molecular markers and genomic tools, breeders can develop hop varieties with enhanced resistance to common diseases such as powdery mildew and downy mildew, reducing the need for chemical treatments and promoting sustainable agriculture (Seigner et al., 2009; Henning et al., 2019). Another important direction is the development of hop varieties with improved stress tolerance. Climate change poses significant challenges to hop cultivation, including increased temperatures and water scarcity. Breeding efforts are now directed towards creating varieties that can withstand these stresses while maintaining high yield and quality (Seigner et al., 2009; Mongelli et al., 2016). Additionally, there is a growing interest in developing hop varieties with unique and enhanced flavor profiles to cater to the craft brewing industry's demand for novel and distinctive beers (Natsume et al., 2015; Krogerus et al., 2021). As the mechanisms of biotransformation become better understood, hop terpenes for citrus notes and thiol compounds for tropical fruit notes in the final beer have been studied in order to develop new cultivars for producing beers with novel flavors. 6.3 Digital agriculture and smart farming technologies The integration of digital agriculture and smart farming technologies is set to play a crucial role in enhancing hop production efficiency and quality stability. Precision farming techniques, such as the use of drones and satellite imagery, allow for real-time monitoring of crop health and environmental conditions, enabling farmers to make data-driven decisions (Mongelli et al., 2016). Intelligent monitoring systems can track various parameters, including soil moisture, nutrient levels, and pest presence, ensuring optimal growing conditions and timely interventions (Mongelli et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2024). Moreover, the application of big data analytics and machine learning algorithms can predict crop performance and identify potential issues before they become critical, further improving yield and quality. These technologies not only enhance the efficiency of hop production but also contribute to sustainable farming practices by minimizing resource use and reducing environmental impact (Mongelli et al., 2016). In conclusion, the combination of traditional breeding methods with modern genomic technologies and smart farming practices holds great promise for the future of hop cultivation. By continuing to innovate and adapt, the hop industry can meet the challenges of the 21st century and continue to thrive in a rapidly changing world. 7 Functional Compounds in Hops and Their Potential Applications 7.1 Physiological functions of secondary metabolites in hops Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are renowned for their rich array of secondary metabolites, including xanthohumol, terpenes, and flavonoids, which exhibit significant physiological functions. Xanthohumol, a prenylated flavonoid, is particularly noteworthy for its broad-spectrum biological activities. It has been extensively studied for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which contribute to its potential health benefits. Xanthohumol has demonstrated potent cancer chemopreventive activity in vitro, suggesting its role in cancer prevention programs (Stevens and Page, 2004; Yilmazer et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2014). Additionally, xanthohumol has been identified as an effective α-glucosidase inhibitor, indicating its potential in managing hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes (Liu et al., 2014). Terpenes, another class of secondary metabolites in hops, are primarily responsible for the characteristic aroma and flavor of hops. These compounds, including alpha-humulene and beta-caryophyllene, also possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which further enhance the health benefits of hops (Steenackers et al.,
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