International Journal of Horticulture, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 381-393 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 384 The UK has a rich tradition of using hops in brewing, particularly in styles such as English Bitters. These beers are known for their balanced bitterness and aromatic profiles, achieved through the use of traditional English hop varieties like Fuggle and East Kent Goldings. These hops contribute earthy, floral, and slightly spicy notes, which are essential in creating the distinctive character of English Bitters (Schönberger and Kostelecky, 2011). 4.2 Diversified development of American beer styles The American craft beer movement has revolutionized the use of hops, leading to the development of a wide array of innovative beer styles. The rise of American IPAs (India Pale Ales) is a prime example, where brewers have experimented with various hop varieties to create intensely hoppy and aromatic beers. American IPAs are characterized by their bold bitterness and vibrant hop aromas, often featuring citrus, pine, and tropical fruit notes (Hopfer et al., 2021; McCabe et al., 2023). The American IPA revolution leveraging the dry-hopping aromas led to the significant boom of the craft beer industry in the last two decades. Brewers in the United States have embraced dry hopping techniques, which involve adding hops during or after fermentation to maximize aroma without increasing bitterness. This method has been particularly effective in enhancing the aromatic profiles of beers, as demonstrated by the use of hop varieties like Azacca, Idaho-7, and Sultana, which contribute unique and complex aromas to the final product (Figure 1) (Salamon et al., 2022; McCabe et al., 2023). The innovative use of hops in American craft brewing has not only expanded the flavor possibilities but also set new trends in the global beer market. Figure 1 Sensory analysis results using the CATA method on the DraughtLab Pro App (Adopted from McCabe et al., 2023) Image caption: a control, non-hopped sample (black) and three single-hopped samples hopped with Azacca, Idaho-7, and Sultana each. Hopped sample sensory analyses were conducted in triplicate, wherein each trial was fermented separately (gray, orange, and yellow). Axes numbers represent the number of panelists reporting this aroma (Adopted from McCabe et al., 2023) 4.3 Emerging beer styles in Asia and Oceania In recent years, the innovative application of hops has also been observed in emerging beer styles in Asia and Oceania. In Japan, craft brewers are increasingly incorporating hops to create unique beer styles that blend traditional Japanese ingredients with modern brewing techniques. The use of hops in Japanese craft beers often results in delicate and refined flavors, with a focus on balance and harmony (Schönberger and Kostelecky, 2011). Australia and New Zealand have become notable players in the global hop industry, with their hop varieties gaining international recognition for their distinctive characteristics. New Zealand hops, such as Nelson Sauvin and Motueka, are prized for their fruity and tropical aromas, which have been successfully integrated into various beer styles. Australian brewers are also experimenting with local hop varieties to create beers that reflect the unique terroir of the region (Schönberger and Kostelecky, 2011). The impact of these innovative hop applications in Asia and Oceania is significant, as they not only enhance the flavor profiles of beers but also contribute to the evolution of traditional brewing cultures. By embracing new hop
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