International Journal of Horticulture, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 355-367 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 363 7.2 Study on optimizing fertilizer and density to enhance rapeseed efficiency As an important source of edible oil and biofuel, the demand for rapeseed has been increasing year by year. To meet market demand while ensuring planting efficiency, scientific and rational cultivation management is particularly critical. Tian et al. (2020) studied the effects of fertilization levels and planting density on rapeseed yield, quality, and economic benefits. The experimental results showed that increasing fertilizer input significantly improved the dry matter accumulation, seed oil yield, and protein content of rapeseed, but the oil content slightly decreased. Although planting density had no significant effect on oil and protein content, an appropriate combination of fertilizer and planting density helps maximize economic benefits. The results indicated that the optimal combination was high fertilizer input (240 kg of nitrogen, 52.4 kg of phosphorus, etc.) and medium planting density (225,000 plants per hectare), achieving the highest yields of rapeseed oil and protein under this combination. Another study in Assam, India, showed that the application of sulfur (S) and boron (B) fertilizers improved the yield and quality of rapeseed. The combination of applying 20 kg S/ha and 1.5 kg B/ha achieved the highest grain and straw yields, while increasing the oil content of rapeseed by 35.6% and protein content by 22.9% (Marjanović-Jeromela et al., 2019). 8 Future Perspectives in Rapeseed Agronomy 8.1 Innovations in cultivation techniques Precision agriculture offers significant potential for optimizing resource use in rapeseed cultivation. By employing technologies such as GPS-guided equipment, remote sensing, and data analytics, farmers can apply inputs like fertilizers and pesticides more efficiently, reducing waste and environmental impact. Studies have shown that precision agriculture can help close the yield gap in rapeseed by addressing specific agronomic constraints and improving overall management practices (Zhang et al., 2020; Li et al., 2022; Liang et al., 2023). Automation and mechanization are transforming rapeseed farming by reducing labor costs and increasing operational efficiency. The use of advanced machinery for planting, irrigation, and harvesting can lead to more consistent crop management and higher yields. For instance, the integration of automated systems for precise sowing and irrigation has been shown to enhance yield and quality by ensuring optimal growing conditions (Liang et al., 2023). 8.2 Sustainable agronomic practices Sustainable soil management practices are crucial for maintaining soil health and ensuring long-term productivity in rapeseed cultivation. Techniques such as crop rotation, cover cropping, and reduced tillage can improve soil structure, enhance nutrient cycling, and reduce erosion. Research indicates that these practices not only support higher yields but also contribute to the resilience of rapeseed crops against environmental stresses (Basumatary et al., 2021; Wolko et al., 2022; Yadav et al., 2022). Water management is a critical factor in rapeseed production, especially in regions facing water scarcity. Implementing water-saving irrigation techniques, such as drip irrigation and scheduling based on soil moisture monitoring, can significantly reduce water use while maintaining or even improving yields. Studies have demonstrated that efficient irrigation practices can enhance water use efficiency and support sustainable rapeseed production (Marjanović-Jeromela et al., 2019; Basumatary et al., 2021). 8.3 Breeding for resilience and improved quality Breeding programs focusing on developing drought and disease-resistant rapeseed varieties are also an important direction for future research. Advances in genetic research, including the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and the use of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), have facilitated the development of resilient varieties. These efforts are crucial for ensuring stable yields and reducing the reliance on chemical inputs (Raza, 2020; Khan et al., 2021).
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