International Journal of Horticulture, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 355-367 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 358 Figure 1 Seed development at high temperatures affects seedling viability (Adopted from Mácová et al., 2022) Image caption: (A) Graph displaying the cumulative percentage of seed germination at 1, 2, 3, and 4 days after vernalization (DAV), and later for seeds produced by DH12075, Topas, Westar plants grown at CT and MT. (B) Percentage of defective seedlings per categories of defects: not viable (dark blue), with one cotyledon (red), asymmetrically positioned cotyledons (green), twin seedlings (turquoise), with one cotyledon, and defective root (purple), without any root (orange) and other categories (light blue). The analysis was performed on seedlings from seeds produced by DH12075, Topas, Westar plants grown at CT and MT. (C–I) Range of observed seedling phenotypes. A wild-type seedling is shown (C). Seedlings (D, E) are with one cotyledon (red). (F) The seedling is with two roots and two shoots (turquoise). (G) Zoom in of a seedling without root (orange). (H, I) are shown seedlings from the other categories (light blue). The small colored square in the upper right corner refers to the categories. Scale bars represent 10 mm (Adopted from Mácová et al., 2022) 3.2 The importance of precipitation and water management Precipitation is a critical factor in determining rapeseed yield stability. Adequate rainfall during key growth stages, such as budding and flowering, is essential for maximizing yield potential (Marjanović-Jeromela et al., 2019). Insufficient rainfall can lead to water stress, reducing biomass production and seed yield (Raza, 2020). Conversely, excessive rainfall can cause waterlogging, negatively affecting root development and nutrient uptake. Studies have shown that rapeseed is prone to restricted growth and reduced yields under drought conditions. For example, in one study, insufficient water led to a decrease in chlorophyll content and photosynthesis rate in rapeseed, which subsequently reduced seed yield and oil quality (Teymoori et al., 2020). Conversely, excessive rainfall may cause waterlogging, negatively affecting root development and nutrient absorption. Nabloussi et al. (2019) found that waterlogging stress during different growth stages (e.g., germination and seedling stages) significantly reduced rapeseed yield, with the seedling stage being the most susceptible to waterlogging impacts on final yield. Effective water management techniques are vital for optimizing rapeseed growth and yield. Practices such as controlled irrigation and drainage can mitigate the adverse effects of both drought and excessive rainfall (Zhang et al., 2020). Implementing these techniques helps maintain soil moisture at optimal levels, ensuring consistent water availability throughout the growing season. Additionally, adopting water-efficient practices, such as mulching and conservation tillage, can enhance water retention and reduce evaporation, further supporting plant growth and yield stability (Zhang et al., 2020; Jannat et al., 2022).
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