International Journal of Horticulture, 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 195-206 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 203 inputs in the CEA market, which is increasingly focused on high-tech solutions like indoor vertical farming and hydroponics (Niu and Masabni, 2018). 7.3 Business models for SynCom commercialization Several business models can be explored for the commercialization of SynComs in CEA. One approach is the direct sale of SynCom products to CEA operators, leveraging the demonstrated benefits of increased yields and nutrient efficiency (Wang et al., 2021). Another model involves the integration of SynComs into comprehensive CEA solutions, including advanced climate control and crop management systems, to offer a bundled package that maximizes productivity and sustainability (Chaux et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2023). Additionally, partnerships with technology providers and agricultural input companies can facilitate the distribution and adoption of SynComs, ensuring that they reach a broader market. The development of subscription-based services for continuous supply and support of SynCom applications could also provide a steady revenue stream while ensuring optimal performance for end-users. By addressing the economic viability, market potential, and viable business models, the adoption of SynComs in CEA can be effectively strategized to ensure successful commercialization and widespread use. 8 Future Directions and Perspectives 8.1 Emerging technologies and innovations in SynCom engineering The field of Synthetic Community (SynCom) engineering is rapidly evolving, with several emerging technologies poised to revolutionize Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA). One significant advancement is the development of Digital Twin (DT) architectures, which enable the simulation and optimization of crop microclimates and management strategies, thereby enhancing productivity and resource efficiency (Chaux et al., 2021). Additionally, the integration of circadian rhythm entrainment using dynamic LED cues has shown promise in improving crop yield and sustainability by synchronizing environmental cues with the natural rhythms of plants (Marie et al., 2022). Advances in bio-automation systems are also noteworthy, as they offer innovative solutions for plant growth in extreme environments, such as space, which could have applications in terrestrial CEA as well (Barreto et al., 2023). 8.2 Integration of SynComs with advanced CEA technologies (e.g., IoT, AI) The integration of SynComs with advanced CEA technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), is a promising direction for future research and development. IoT-enabled sensors and wireless networks can provide real-time monitoring and control of environmental conditions, which is crucial for optimizing plant growth and resource use (Shamshiri et al., 2018). AI and computer vision technologies are being increasingly adopted for autonomous cultivation and harvesting, offering significant improvements in efficiency and productivity (Luo et al., 2022). Furthermore, the use of robust optimization methodologies can enhance the economic viability and resilience of CEA systems under market uncertainties, ensuring long-term sustainability (Cetegen and Stuber, 2021). 8.3 Long-term vision and potential breakthroughs in SynComs for CEA Looking ahead, the long-term vision for SynComs in CEA includes the development of Integrated System CEA (ISCEA), which aims to deploy multiple CEA systems in a localized and integrated manner to maximize efficiency and minimize environmental impact (Cowan et al., 2022). The transition to urban agriculture and plant factories, supported by advancements in greenhouse automation and energy optimization, represents a significant potential breakthrough (Shamshiri et al., 2018). Additionally, the focus on energy efficiency, particularly through improvements in HVAC, lighting, and distributed generation technologies, is expected to play a critical role in making CEA more sustainable and economically viable (Engler and Krarti, 2021). The continued exploration of temperature effects and the development of decision support tools for optimizing production conditions will further enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of CEA systems (Imler, 2020).
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