International Journal of Horticulture, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 99-109 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 106 pollutants and releasing oxygen, thereby improving the overall air quality in garden environments (Zhang, 2010). In summary, Clematis is a valuable addition to both public and private gardens, offering aesthetic, ecological, and environmental benefits. Its successful integration into various garden designs and its role in promoting biodiversity underscore its importance in sustainable landscaping practices. 5 Challenges and Solutions 5.1 Common issues in clematis cultivation 5.1.1 Troubleshooting non-blooming plants Non-blooming clematis plants can be a significant challenge for gardeners. Factors such as improper pruning, insufficient sunlight, and inadequate fertilization can contribute to this issue. Ensuring that clematis plants receive the right amount of sunlight and nutrients, and following proper pruning techniques, can help in promoting blooming (Gardener's Path, n.d.). 5.1.2 Managing pests and diseases Clematis plants are susceptible to various pests and diseases, which can severely impact their health and ornamental value. Common pests include nematodes, aphids, spider mites, and slugs, while diseases such as wilt, rust, powdery mildew, and gray rot are prevalent. Effective management strategies include regular monitoring, proper sanitation, and the use of appropriate pesticides and fungicides. For instance, wilt, which causes rapid plant withering, can be mitigated through proper watering practices and soil management (Golomidova et al., 2023). Additionally, agrotechnical measures such as crop rotation and the use of resistant varieties can help in disease prevention (Golomidova et al., 2023). 5.2 Innovative solutions 5.2.1 New propagation techniques Recent advancements in propagation techniques have shown promise in improving the success rate of clematis cultivation. For example, the use of rooting hormones and maintaining stock plants at optimal temperatures (27 °C) have been found to significantly increase the number of cuttings and their rooting success (Samarakoon and Faust, 2022). Additionally, in vitro propagation techniques have been developed for varieties with low rooting success, such as Purpurea Plena Elegans and Multi Blue. These techniques involve the use of nutrient-rich media and controlled environmental conditions to enhance rooting and plant development (Evgenievna et al., 2020). 5.2.2 Advances in clematis breeding for improved varieties Breeding efforts have focused on developing clematis varieties with enhanced ornamental and adaptive traits. Studies have identified varieties with high resistance to local climatic conditions and prolonged flowering periods, making them suitable for various landscaping applications (Chebannaya, 2020; Bilalova, 2021). For instance, varieties from the Lanuginosa and Patens groups exhibit abundant and prolonged flowering on both previous and current year shoots, making them ideal for vertical gardening (Chebannaya, 2020). Furthermore, the selection of small-flowered clematis varieties with high decorative properties and resistance to drought, pests, and diseases has been emphasized for their potential in diverse climatic conditions (Chebannaya, 2022). By addressing these common issues and leveraging innovative solutions, the cultivation and landscape use of clematis can be significantly improved, ensuring their continued popularity and success in ornamental horticulture. 6 Concluding Remarks 6.1 Summary of key findings from resource screening to landscape design The comprehensive study of Clematis has revealed significant insights into its biological, morphological, and ornamental characteristics. The genus Clematis, known for its climbing species, has been extensively studied for its microfungi associations, revealing new families, genera, and species, which are crucial for understanding its
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