International Journal of Horticulture, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 89-98 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 91 1.7 Analysis of socio-economic data The collected socio-economic survey data underwent coding, tabulation, and analysis using SPSS and MS Excel. Simple descriptive statistics, including averages and percentages, were employed for variables like landholding and farming experience. Results were visually represented through graphical means such as bar diagrams and pie charts. 1.8 Cost of production and gross revenue The sum of all expenditure involved in the production process is the cost of production. Total cost (TC) is the sum total of total fixed cost (TFC) and total variable cost (TVC). TC = TFC+TVC The product of the quantity sold and unit price of the produce (bean) is the gross revenue (Total revenue). Gross revenue = Unit price* Total quantity sold 1.9 Benefit-cost analysis The benefit-cost (B/C) ratio was calculated as follows: B/C ratio: Gross return/Total cost 1.10 Gross margin The gross margin was calculated as follows: Gross margin = Gross return - Total cost 1.11 Marketing margin and Producer’s share Marketing margin (MM) is the difference between the farm gate price and the retailer’s price, which was calculated as follows: MM = Retailer Price-Farm gate Price Producer’s share (PS) is the price received by the farmer expressed as percentage of the retail price, that is, the price paid by the consumers. It was calculated by the following formula: PS = (Pf/Pr)*100 Where, Pf = Producer’s price (farm gate price); Pr = Retailer’s price; PS = Producer’s share 1.12 Index of production and marketing problems The index was prepared mainly taking into account the qualitative data. Farmer’s perception to the different production and marketing problems was ranked by using five-point scale of problems compromising most serious, serious, moderate, a little bit and the least serious by giving weightage on the basis of priority i.e., 5 for first priority, 4 for second, 3 for third, 2 for fourth and 1 for fifth priority. Then the priority index for each variable was calculated by weightage average mean in order to draw valid conclusion and making reasonable decision. The index of importance was computed by using the formula: Iimp = Σ (Sifi/N) Where, Iimp = Index of importance; Σ = Summation; Si = Scale value; fi = Frequency of respondents; N = Total number of respondent 2 Results and Analysis 2.1 Household and farm characteristics The household and farm characteristics include gender of respondent, family size, economically active population, education level of the respondents, land holding and land utilization pattern.
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