International Journal of Horticulture, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 89-98 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 90 fertilizer, well decomposed FYM, no provision of irrigation especially during critical period, lack of intercrop operation etc. are some other problems related to bean production in Kalikot. But this scenario has been noticed to be changing. Previously, bean was cultivated for home consumption and less for market sell, but after realizing the nutritive value and market value of beans, availability of superior genotypes, farmers have started to cultivate beans in low lands as well within reach of irrigation facilities after wheat for commercial purpose. 1 Materials and Methods 1.1 Site selection and sub-sector The study was carried out in Kalikot district which lies in karnali province. It covers an area of about 1,641 km2 with a land topography of mountains, hills and valleys. It lies at an altitude ranging from 730 m to 4,790 masl. Beans were cultivated under 96 ha area in various wards. Area under French bean Zone includes Tilagufa Municipality and the wards are Bhigma, Foyi, Ratada and Bajedi. 1.2 Study area The study was conducted in four villages of Tilagufa municipality namely Bhigma, Foyi, Ratada and Bajedi of Kalikot district, Karnali province. It is located at approximately 29° 5' 12" north latitude and 81° 35' 23"east longitude. It encompasses elevations ranging from 738 meters to 4,790 meters above sea level. 1.3 Sampling size and sampling technique Bean producer of the selected area were the target population for the research. There were 7 farmer groups, 2 cooperatives and 2 private firms in bean zone. 30% of farmers from total member of farmer group were selected for research. Simple random sampling method was used. 60 farmers, 20 members from each wards were selected for data collection. The proportion of male and female farmers in sample was correspond to the population of male and female in farmer group. 1.4 Data collection Primary data was gathered directly from farmers using semi-structured questionnaires, field visits, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and personal communication. Secondary data was sourced from annual reports of ADO-Kalikot and PMAMP, DADO and NARC reports, MOALD publications, reports from various governmental and non-governmental organizations, as well as proceedings and journals. 1.5 Research instruments Various research instruments were utilized to collect reliable data, including household surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews, rapid market appraisals, case studies, and field observations. The household survey was involved structured interviews with 60 samples. Focus group discussions were conducted in each village with diverse participants. Key informant interviews were involved progressive farmers, farmer leaders, and local extension workers. Rapid market appraisals were engaged French bean stakeholders at village and district levels. Case studies of individual farm households offered in-depth insights. Field observations was provided a brief overview of farm conditions through frequent visits. 1.6 Data analysis techniques Both primary and secondary data collected from the field and other means were first coded, tabulated, and then analyzed with the help of computer software packages like the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 23) and Microsoft Excel. Simple descriptive statistics such as average, standard deviation, frequency, minimum, maximum, and percentage were used for the analysis of demographic and socio-economic characteristics of respondents like age, gender, ethnicity, education, primary occupation, landholding status, etc. In addition, the livestock holding status was also determined with the help of Livestock Standard Unit (LSU). The ranking of problems of beans in the study area was done by indexing method.
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