International Journal of Horticulture, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 78-88 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 84 appeared in Western Europe, were widely disseminated and exchanged, and made their way to North America. E: At the turn of the 19th to the 20th century, iconic cultivated varieties such as Royal Sovereign and Nich Omher emerged in North America and Europe. F: Between 1899 and 1927, Alfred Etter introduced alleles from local F. chiloensis subsp. pacifica and F. chiloensis subsp. lucida into hybrids and started strawberry breeding along the California coast, donating his genetic resources to the University of California in 1928. G: Post-1924, early cultivated varieties such as Lassen, Fairfax, and Shasta emerged from populations in California and other parts of North America. H: Post-1953, short-day (photoperiod-sensitive) cultivars emerged from the California population during the Green Revolution. I: From 1953 to 1980, Royce S. Bringhurst began developing photoperiod-insensitive F. × ananassa cultivars by introducing alleles from native F. virginiana subsp. glauca in Utah. J: Post-1980, day-neutral (photoperiod-insensitive) cultivars emerged from the California population during the Green Revolution. Figure 7 Graphical abstract of strawberry domestication milestones (1715-present) Therefore, the chart highlights key advances in strawberry domestication, including overcoming photoperiod sensitivity and the positive changes in genetic diversity and breeding of strawberry varieties, providing a crucial genetic foundation for strawberry breeding and agricultural production. Figure 8 uses red and gray dots to represent the genomic predictions of population average values and additive genetic variance (VA) for agriculturally important traits in strawberry breeding history (1775—2015). Red dots represent the 87,893 simulated segregating populations produced by parental hybridization before the Green Revolution (1775—1953), while gray dots represent the 84,490 segregating populations produced after 1953. The figure shows significant changes in additive genetic variance before and after the Green Revolution for traits such as yield, fruit number, weight, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), sugar-acid ratio (TSS/TA), anthocyanin concentration, and disease resistance traits like Verticillium wilt (VW) and Phytophthora crown rot (PhCR). The post-Green Revolution populations (gray dots) exhibit higher additive genetic variance, suggesting that breeding may have increased the genetic diversity of these traits. Thus, the results indicate that post-Green Revolution, through selective and hybridization strategies, strawberry breeding may have successfully enhanced the genetic diversity of certain traits, which is crucial for adapting to environmental changes, improving quality, and increasing disease resistance. Additionally, the data in the chart imply that balancing various traits during the breeding process is necessary to ensure both increased yield and quality while maintaining or enhancing disease resistance. These insights are vital for understanding the historical progress of strawberry variety improvement and formulating future breeding strategies.
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