International Journal of Horticulture, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 78-88 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 82 The figure shows that there are differences in trait performance between populations. Elite × elite hybrids perform better in yield, weight, and firmness, indicating these traits are likely focal points in the selection process. Elite × exotic and exotic × exotic hybrids show more diversity in quality traits such as total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and anthocyanin concentration. Furthermore, data from different years show good correlation, indicating that these traits have stable genetic performance across growing seasons. This stability is crucial in breeding, as it indicates that the selected traits of varieties can remain consistent across different growing conditions. Thus, the data from this figure can guide future strawberry breeding efforts, particularly in improving economic traits such as yield, fruit weight, and firmness, while also focusing on enhancing fruit quality traits to meet market demands for high-quality strawberries. Figure 5 presents the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) for agriculturally important traits in strawberries from 1775 to the present. These GEBVs are estimated using the single-step best linear unbiased prediction (ss-BLUP) method from pedigree (A) and genomic (G) relationship matrices. Blue dots represent 796 genotyped individuals, and grey dots represent 5,646 non-genotyped individuals, with known birth years. Dotted lines show the predicted GEBVs (population average) before and after the change point (CP) years, which vary among different traits from 1943—1962. The left column shows statistical data for traits such as fruit yield (A), number (D), weight (G), and firmness (J); the middle column displays total soluble solids (TSS) (B), sugar-acid ratio (TSS/TA) (E), titratable acidity (TA) (H), and anthocyanin concentration (ANC) (K); the right column shows Verticillium wilt (VW) resistance scores and area (AUDPS) (C, F) and Phytophthora crown rot (PhCR) resistance scores and area (AUDPS) (I, L). The resistance scores range from highly resistant (1) to highly susceptible (5). Figure 5 Genomic prediction of breeding values
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