International Journal of Horticulture, 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 18-30 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 21 1.3.6 Focus group discussions Focus group discussion was conducted at the study area after completing the interview schedule with the help of a checklist to verify the result obtained from the household survey and discuss the distribution of mandarin growers in the area. 1.4 Data and data types 1.4.1 Primary data The primary data was collected from the farmers of the respective sites. It was done through a questionnaire survey, key informant interviews, and farm visits. 1.4.2 Secondary data Secondary data was meticulously gathered by conducting a thorough literature review across a variety of sources. These included the Annual Progress Report from the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) in Syangja, an array of journal articles and publications, insights drawn from previous recommendations, and publications from both the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (MoALD). Additional resources such as publications from the Agriculture Knowledge Center (AKC) Syangja and the National Crop Resources Program (NCRP) specific to the Syangja district were also reviewed, providing a comprehensive foundation for our research. 1.5 Techniques of data analysis Data entry and analysis were done by using computer software packages like the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS v. 26) and Microsoft Excel 2019. 1.5.1 Qualitative Data Analysis Qualitative data obtained from field surveys like gender, education, soil testing, training received on mandarin cultivation, different categories of orchard management, etc. were analyzed using frequency and percentage. 1.5.2 Quantitative Data Analysis Quantitative data were analyzed by using both descriptive and analytical statistics. 1.5.3 Indexing/Scaling Technique The importance of scale was used to rank the major diseases, pests, and production problems in the study area. Based on response frequencies, a weighted index was calculated for the analysis indicating the highest value as the most serious and the lowest value as the least serious problem respectively. The index of importance was computed by using the formula: Iimp =∑ N Sifi Where I imp = index of importance; ∑ = summation; Si = I th scale value; Fi = frequency of i th importance given by the respondents; N = total number of respondents 1.6 Parameters studied 1.6.1 Socio-demographic and land characteristics Socioeconomic and land characteristics of the respondents like gender, ethnicity, family size, source of training, source of sapling, source of income, land distribution, problem categorization, etc. were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and representation of the results was made by using a frequency table, mean, bar diagram, pie-charts, etc. Additionally, a chi-square test was done to know the significance of the mentioned variables with awareness and adoption. 1.6.2 GAP awareness GAP awareness and its related variables among farmers of the study site in the superzone area were assessed by open-ended questions. Awareness was categorized into three stages; full, partial, and nil, which were studied concerning different variables.
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