Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.5, 176-184 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 179 width and can be used for the development of molecular markers for fruit size (García-Abadillo et al., 2024). In addition, transcription factors such as VvbHLH137 have been confirmed to positively regulate anthocyanin synthesis, providing molecular targets for the improvement of fruit peel color (Figure 1) (Niu et al., 2025). MAS has shown obvious advantages in the early selection of disease resistance, stress resistance and fruit quality traits of grapes (Gascuel et al., 2017; Butiuc-Keul and Coste, 2023; García-Abadillo et al., 2024). Figure 1 VvbHLH137 expression and genetic function (Adopted from Niu et al., 2025) Image caption: (A) Variations in fruit appearance, VvbHLH137 expression, and corresponding anthocyanin content in grape peels during developmental stages (S1 to S3) for three grape varieties. Data are means ± SDs of 3 replicates. (B) Over-expression of VvbHLH137 in Arabidopsis increased anthocyanin content compared to wild-type (WT) plants. (a) The change of anthocyanin content and VvbHLH137 expression in Muscat; (b) The change of anthocyanin content and VvbHLH137 expression in Heimeiren; (c) The change of anthocyanin content and VvbHLH137 expression in Jingyan. (d) The comparison of anthocyanin content in transgenic lines and WT (Adopted from Niu et al., 2025) 5.2 Genomic selection for multi-trait improvement Genomic selection (GS) establishes predictive models through high-density genotyping and phenotypic data of the entire genome, which can achieve overall selection of complex quantitative traits. Compared with traditional QTL analysis, GS can capture genetic variations related to fruit quality (such as sugar content, fruit size, stress resistance, etc.) more comprehensively and improve the efficiency of simultaneous improvement of multiple traits (Viana et al., 2016). In grape breeding, GS has been proven to accelerate the breeding process of superior varieties, especially suitable for fruit trees with long cycles and complex traits (Viana et al., 2016; Gascuel et al., 2017). The introduction of GS helps to break through the limitations of MAS in the improvement of complex traits of multiple genes. 5.3 Genome editing for precise modification of quality-related genes Genome editing technology, especially the CRISPR/Cas system, provides a new approach for the precise improvement of grape quality traits. By targeting and knocking out or modifying specific genes, key pathways such as sugar metabolism, anthocyanin synthesis and fruit development can be directionally regulated. In recent years, CRISPR/Cas has been used to study and improve genes related to disease resistance, stress resistance and fruit quality in grapes, showing advantages such as short cycle, high efficiency and no residue of exogenous genes (Butiuc-Keul and Coste, 2023). In addition, the combination of genome editing with high-throughput omics and phenotypic analysis is expected to achieve precise improvements in the quality of grape fruits in multiple aspects.
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