Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 168-175 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 173 6.3 Results: yield, economic return, and soil parameter changes The results show that the fertilizer-water coupling management can significantly increase the yield and economic benefits of Camellia oleifera. Under different soil conditions, after a reasonable combination of fertilizers and water, the yield could reach 1.5 to 4.8 times that of the control group, and the income also increased significantly (Malyukova et al., 2023). For example, under the conditions of 55% field water holding capacity, 5.43 grams of nitrogen and 2.40 grams of phosphorus per plant, the growth effect of Camellia oleifera was the best (Luo et al., 2024). Long-term use of this management approach can also improve soil structure, increase organic matter and available nutrients, make soil pH more suitable for crop growth, and enhance the diversity of soil microorganisms (Sui et al., 2021; Xing et al., 2024). However, if excessive nitrogen is applied, it may also inhibit the photosynthesis of Camellia oleifera. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the water and fertilizer management strategies according to different soil conditions and the growth stage of Camellia oleifera (Li et al., 2019). 7 Challenges and Limitations 7.1 Technical constraints in infrastructure and cost for FWC implementation In practical operation, the fertilizer-water coupling management requires the application of some modern technologies, such as Internet of Things monitoring and automatic irrigation systems. Although these smart devices are highly efficient, both purchasing them and maintaining them later are not cheap, so they are not easy to promote in some areas with poor economic conditions (Lin, 2024; Xing et al., 2024). The traditional management methods often lead to problems such as waste of water and fertilizer or unstable growth of Camellia oleifera, which precisely indicates the importance of supporting infrastructure. 7.2 Regional climate-soil mismatches and risk of nutrient leaching The weather and soil conditions vary greatly in different regions, which makes it difficult to apply a uniform standard to the fertilizer-water coupling management. Conditions such as rainfall, temperature and soil permeability can affect the effectiveness of fertilizers. In some areas, it rains a lot or the soil is loose. Fertilizers are prone to being washed away, which not only affects the yield but may also cause pollution (Malyukova et al., 2023; Xing et al., 2024). In addition, Camellia oleifera is highly sensitive to nitrogen fertilizer. Excessive use may instead affect photosynthesis and even cause plant discomfort (Li et al., 2019; Luo et al., 2024). 7.3 Farmer adoption, labor demand, and knowledge gaps The fertilizer-water coupling management also puts forward new requirements for the technical level of farmers. Some farmers are not yet familiar with these new devices and have not received systematic training. As a result, they may not be able to adjust the ratio of water to fertilizer properly, which will affect the yield and utilization efficiency of crops. Moreover, some intelligent systems are rather complex to operate, and manual management also needs to keep up, which brings certain difficulties to their promotion (Lin, 2024; Xing et al., 2024). 8 Concluding Remarks Different types of soil can affect the absorption of nutrients, yield and oil quality of Camellia oleifera by adjusting moisture, pH value and the content of elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and iron. Research has found that moisture, pH value, and total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total iron are the main factors affecting nutrient absorption and yield, while elements such as N, P, K, Cu, and Mn have the greatest impact on seed kernel development and yield. The fertilizer-water coupling management not only enhances the utilization efficiency of these elements, but also improves soil structure, increases the variety of beneficial microorganisms in the soil, boosts enzyme activity, and ultimately promotes the growth and yield increase of crops. Therefore, under different soil conditions, the management of water and fertilizer should be combined with the local soil characteristics and the water and fertilizer requirements of Camellia oleifera in order to achieve the goal of high yield and high quality. When growing Camellia oleifera, different sites should adopt different water and fertilizer management plans. If the soil is rich in nutrients and has good water retention, more nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can be applied appropriately, combined with a moderate amount of irrigation. For relatively infertile or acidic soils, priority should be given to supplementing key nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc. At the same
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