Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 168-175 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 172 acidic, nutrients will be exhausted, and the activity of microorganisms will also decline. At this time, it is necessary to regulate through scientific water and fertilizer management methods to restore the vitality of the soil (Zong et al., 2025). 5 Practical Management and Adaptation Strategies 5.1 Tailored fertilization programs for specific soil types Different soil types will directly affect the nutrient absorption and yield of Camellia oleifera. Research indicates that six types of soil, such as acidic purple soil, granite sandy soil, and carbonate red soil, each require different fertilization methods. For instance, for acidic purple soil and granite sandy soil, it is recommended to apply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in a ratio of 3.5:1:3.5, with 3.6 kilograms per tree per year. For carbonate red soil, apply a ratio of 3.2:1:3.3, with 3 kilograms per plant per year. If soil tests can be conducted in advance and the fertilization plan is designed in combination with the target yield, the yield and Camellia oleifera quality can be improved more scientifically (Chen et al., 2023). 5.2 Water management schemes considering soil texture and retention capacity The texture of the soil and its water retention capacity also affect irrigation strategies. Generally speaking, keeping the water content within the range of 40% to 70% of the field capacity and combining it with an appropriate amount of nitrogen and phosphorus can help Camellia oleifera grow faster and use water more effectively. However, the water retention capacity of different soils varies. For instance, sandy soil is prone to leakage, while alluvial soil retains water better. Therefore, the frequency and amount of irrigation should be adjusted according to the specific conditions of the soil. It should neither be overwatered nor underwatered, otherwise it will cause fertilizer loss or root hypoxia (Chen et al., 2023; Luo et al., 2024; Xing et al., 2024). 5.3 Integration with soil amendments, mulching, and planting patterns In addition to the water and fertilizer ratio, the application of organic fertilizers is also very important. For instance, organic fertilizers made from Camellia oleifera shells, biochar or humic acid fertilizers can all improve soil structure, increase the content of organic matter and nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and also increase the variety of microorganisms in the soil. In addition, laying a layer of organic mulch can reduce water evaporation, suppress weeds and also regulate soil temperature. Combined with appropriate planting density and interrow covering measures, it helps the root system to grow better and also increases the yield of Camellia oleifera (Sui et al., 2021; Xu et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2023). 6 Case Study: Field Comparison of FWC Models in Contrasting Soil Environments 6.1 Study site selection: soil profiles, climate, and Camellia variety used This case study selected six typical soil types for Camellia oleifera cultivation in Hunan Province, including acidic purple soil, shale-derived red soil, carbonate red soil, marl red ash soil, sandstone red soil and granite sand soil. The local area belongs to a warm and humid climate zone, with annual precipitation ranging from 1,000 to 1,980 millimeters and an average annual temperature of 14 ℃ to 16 ℃, which is very suitable for the growth of Camellia oleifera. The Camellia oleifera varieties used in the experiment were common high-yield varieties in the local area, ensuring the representativeness and comparability of the experimental results (Malyukova et al., 2023). 6.2 Experimental treatments, monitoring methods, and data collected Each experimental site adopts the soil test results to formulate fertilization and combines water and fertilizer coupling management. Different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratios and irrigation plans have been set for each type of soil. For instance, for acidic purple soil and granite sandy soil, apply N:P:K=3.5:1:3.5, with 3.6 kilograms per tree per year. The ratio of shale-derived red soil is 3:1:3, with 3.2 kilograms per year. The research content included indicators such as soil pH, organic matter, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and also observed the ground diameter, plant height, chlorophyll content, specific leaf weight, yield and economic benefits of Camellia oleifera. Data were collected through regular sampling, field yield measurement and economic analysis, etc. (Luo et al., 2024).
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