Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 168-175 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 171 Figure 2 Role of soil nutrient transport on C. oleifera yield and quality under different soil types (Adopted from Chen et al., 2023) 4.2 Camellia yield response and fruit oil content variation under different conditions Different soil and water and fertilizer management methods can lead to significant differences in the yield and oil quality of Camellia oleifera. For example, if the contents of N, P, Mg and Zn in the leaves are increased, or the soil moisture is maintained appropriately, the oil yield can be higher and the oil quality can be better, especially with more unsaturated fatty acids (Chen et al., 2023). In Hunan, different types of soil require different amounts and proportions of fertilizer application. For instance, for acidic purple soil, a ratio of N:P:K of 3.5:1:3.5 is used. Applying 3.6 kilograms per tree annually can maximize the yield. Furthermore, a good combination of fertilizer and water not only increases the yield but also improves the quality of the oil (Chen et al., 2023). 4.3 Soil improvement feedback: organic matter, pH regulation, and microbial effects Fertilizer-water coupling management can also improve soil conditions, making the soil structure more stable, with more organic matter and more diverse microbial species. It can also help decompose organic matter and release nutrients (Xing et al., 2024). Adding some organic fertilizers, such as the fertilizer made after the fermentation of Camellia oleifera shells, can greatly increase the contents of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc. in the soil, and also make the microbial population healthier (Huang et al., 2023). However, it should be noted that if the Camellia oleifera fields are not managed properly for a long time, the soil will become
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