Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 168-175 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 170 whole they are still not as good as red soil or alluvial soil (Zhu et al., 2022). To grow Camellia oleifera well in this kind of land, more organic fertilizer should be applied to improve the soil structure and enhance the water and nutrient retention capacity, so as to ensure the normal growth and high yield of Camellia oleifera (Liu et al., 2018b; Liu et al., 2023). Figure 1 Dynamic water-fertilizer coupling model based on IoT (Adopted from Lin, 2024) 4 Comparative Performance of FWC under Different Soil Types 4.1 Nutrient use efficiency (NUE), water use efficiency (WUE), and plant uptake across soils A good combination of fertilizer and water can significantly enhance the utilization efficiency of nutrients and water by Camellia oleifera. Studies have found that soil pH, moisture, as well as elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and iron, can affect the absorption and utilization of key nutrients like N, P, K, Cu and Mn by Camellia oleifera. These elements sometimes help each other and sometimes influence each other, ultimately determining the yield and oil composition of Camellia oleifera (Figure 2) (Chen et al., 2023). For example, in different soils, using an appropriate water-fertilizer ratio (such as 55% field water holding capacity, adding an appropriate amount of nitrogen and phosphorus) can enable Camellia oleifera seedlings to grow faster, have more chlorophyll, and have stronger photosynthesis (Luo et al., 2024). The application of intelligent water and fertilizer system can further save water and fertilizer and reduce loss (Xing et al., 2024).
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