Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 161-167 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 166 distribution can be selected for combination. In this way, water resources can be used more efficiently and the yield will be more stable. When planting, it is also necessary to pay attention to the reasonable arrangement of density and space in order to achieve the best ecological and economic benefits. At present, most studies focus on the effects of intercropping on soil nutrients, microorganisms and resistance. However, there is still insufficient understanding of the long-term ecological service role, economic benefits and adaptability to different regions. Next, it is suggested that more long-term observations be carried out to see the impact of various intercropping combinations on the ecosystem and economic benefits. In addition, some modern molecular techniques can also be used to study how crops interact with each other. At the same time, the impact of climate change should also be taken into account, and promotion strategies suitable for different regions should be formulated to ensure the more sustainable development of chestnut economic forests. Acknowledgments The authors appreciate the modification suggestions from Dr. Wen and two anonymous peer reviewers on the manuscript of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Bruzzese S., Blanc S., Novelli S., and Brun F., 2023, A multicriteria analysis to support natural resource governance: the case of chestnut forests, Resources, 12(3): 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12030040 Chadfield V., Hartley S., and Redeker K., 2022, Associational resistance through intercropping reduces yield losses to soil-borne pests and diseases, The New Phytologist, 235(6): 2393-2405. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18302 Clark S., Marcolin E., Patrício M., and Loewe-Muñoz V., 2023, A silvicultural synthesis of sweet (Castanea sativa) and American (C. dentata) chestnuts, Forest Ecology and Management, 539: 121041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121041 Dong C., Liu J., and Xu S., 2019, Development of a plant geospatial model for identifying chestnut yield-limiting factors, Agronomy Journal, 111(4): 1828-1837. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2018.04.0241 Himmelstein J., Ares A., Gallagher D., and Myers J., 2017, A meta-analysis of intercropping in Africa: impacts on crop yield, farmer income, and integrated pest management effects, International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 15: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2016.1242332 Huss C.P., Holmes K.D., and Blubaugh C.K., 2022, Benefits and risks of intercropping for crop resilience and pest management, Journal of Economic Entomology, 115(5): 1350-1362. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac045 Li X., Wang Z., Bao X., Sun J., Yang S., Wang P., Wang C., Wu J., Liu X., Tian X., Wang Y., Li J., Wang Y., Xia H., Mei P., Wang X., Zhao J., Yu R., Zhang W., Che Z., Gui L., Callaway R., Tilman D., and Li L., 2021, Long-term increased grain yield and soil fertility from intercropping, Nature Sustainability, 4: 943-950. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00767-7 Liu Y., Zhang Y., Xiao T., Wu Y., Li Y., He J., Xiang Y., and Yao B., 2023, effect of intercropping on fruit yield and financial benefits of Rosa roxburghii tratt orchard in southwest China, Agronomy, 13(12): 2953. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13122953 Loewe-Muñoz V., Delard C., Del Río R., Barrales L., and Balzarini M., 2023, Mixed Castanea sativa plantations including arboreal companion species enhance chestnut growth and high-quality timber production, Forest Ecology and Management, 529: 120742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120742 Miller A., and Ivey M., 2024, The disease triangle of chestnut: a review of host, pathogen, and environmental interactions of chestnuts cultivated in the eastern United States, Plant Disease, 109(2): 245-256. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-23-2355-FE Pantera A., Burgess P., Losada M., Moreno G., López-Díaz M., Corroyer N., Mcadam J., Rosati A., Papadopoulos A., Graves A., Rodríguez R., Ferreiro-Domí nguez N., Lorenzo J., González-Hernández M., Papanastasis V., Mantzanas K., Lerberghe P., and Malignier N., 2018, Agroforestry for high value tree systems in Europe, Agroforestry Systems, 92: 945-959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-017-0181-7
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