Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 154-160 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 159 relatively high usage thresholds, and not all farmers can master them. Some farmers have limited technical skills and a low acceptance of the new method, which also affects the promotion of the dwarf-dense cultivation model (Li et al., 2023b). 8 Concluding Remarks By controlling the height of the trees and the planting density, dwarf-dense cultivation has improved both the yield and quality of bayberries. Growing in a greenhouse can make the fruits larger, with more sugar content and better taste. It can also reduce the impact of rainy days on the fruits, extend the harvest period and increase economic benefits. In addition, some old varieties of bayberries have strong resistance to diseases and pests and can also tolerate drought and cold. This may be related to the microorganisms in their roots and the metabolic products in their bodies. Choosing these varieties to plant in different regions will make them more adaptable to the local environment. Nowadays, some intelligent technologies like YOLOv7-CS can automatically identify and count the number of fruits to estimate the yield, which is accurate and time-saving, providing assistance for the management of dwarf-dense cultivation and the selection of varieties. If it is in an area with abundant rainfall and a short fruit-picking period, it is recommended to give priority to promoting the method of greenhouse combined with dwarf-dense cultivation. This can improve the quality and quantity of fruits. When choosing varieties, it is best to pick those with strong resistance to diseases and pests, and also consider whether they are suitable for the local climate and soil. At the same time, the role of root microorganisms can be utilized to help trees better absorb nutrients and enhance the performance of the entire orchard. Combined with intelligent devices, precise management can be carried out for different areas and varieties, making the orchard more efficient. The future development of the bayberry industry can strive in three directions: breeding, improvement of planting methods and intelligent management. On the one hand, genes that are highly adaptable to the environment can be identified from old varieties and combined with microbial research to cultivate new varieties that are both high-yielding and disease-resistant. On the other hand, it is necessary to continue optimizing greenhouse conditions, planting density and fertilizer and water management methods. This can lead to better quality fruits and also save costs. At the same time, promote technologies like deep learning fruit recognition to make yield estimation and daily management smarter and more accurate, and drive the development of bayberry cultivation towards efficiency, greenness and sustainability. Acknowledgments The authors appreciate the guidance and comments from Professor Bian on the manuscript of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Chu L., Liu D., Li C., and Liu J.H., 2025, Dwarfing of fruit trees: from old cognitions to new insights, Horticulture Advances, 3: 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44281-025-00063-w Deng J., Ran J., Wang Z., Fan Z., Wang G., Ji M., Liu J., Wang Y., Liu J., and Brown J.H., 2012, Models and tests of optimal density and maximal yield for crop plants, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(39): 15823-15828. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210955109 Fu Y., Zhang S., Yang L., Zong Y., Li Y., Qi X., Chen W., Liao F., and Guo W., 2025, Comprehensive analysis of hormonal signaling pathways and gene expression in flesh segment development of Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra), Plants, 14(4): 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14040571 Guo J., Li G., Ijaz M., Hafeez R., Ibrahim E., Ahmed T., Qi X., Zhang S., Ali H., Li B., and Ren H., 2024, Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal that lignin biosynthesis contributes to bayberry (Myrica rubra) defence responses against twig blight, Plant Stress, 13: 100514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2024.100514 Li C., Li G., Qi X., Yu Z., Abdallah Y., Ogunyemi S., Zhang S., Ren H., Mohany M., Al-Rejaie S., Li B., and Liu E., 2023a, The effects of accompanying ryegrass on bayberry trees by change of soil property, rhizosphere microbial community structure, and metabolites, Plants, 12(21): 3669. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12213669
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