Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 154-160 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 155 2.2 Physiological and ecological basis for dwarfing and dense planting Pruning off some large branches in summer can have a very good dwarfing effect. Studies have found that doing so can significantly reduce the height of bayberry trees, and significantly increase the weight, sweetness of individual fruits and the yield of each tree (Wang et al., 2023; Chu et al., 2025). For instance, after pruning, the tree height decreased by 76.88%, the single fruit weight increased by 15.30%, the sugar content rose by 11.20%, and the yield increased by 29.62%. When trees are shorter, light and air can enter, the photosynthesis of leaves is better, and the taste of fruits is also better (Wu et al., 2021). 2.3 Design parameters: plant height, canopy size, and planting density Generally, in dwarf-dense cultivation, the height of the bayberry tree is controlled between 3 and 4 meters, and the tree crown should also be more compact. For instance, after pruning the large branches, the height of the bayberry tree is approximately 3.72 meters, which is much shorter than that of the tree without pruning. The arrangement of density depends on the growth of the variety and the management method. It should neither be planted too densely nor too sparsely. Good cultivation not only leads to high yield and good quality, but also makes fruit picking and daily management more convenient (Wu et al., 2021). 3 Model Construction for High Yield 3.1 Orchard layout and planting configuration To achieve high yields of bayberries, the layout of the park and the planting density must be planned in advance. When cultivating with dwarf-dense plants, the spacing between plants and rows should be scientifically arranged according to different varieties and soil conditions. It is necessary to ensure that each tree has sufficient space to grow while increasing the total yield of the plot (Deng et al., 2012). For example, salt-tolerant waxberry can be selected as the rootstock. It is particularly suitable for the saline-alkali land along the southern coast. It can also enable the grafted waxberry to flower earlier, bear fruit faster, have larger fruits and better taste (Saeed et al., 2023). In addition, greenhouse cultivation is also very useful. It can not only avoid the trouble caused by rain, but also increase the yield and fruit quality (Wu et al., 2021). 3.2 Pruning and training systems for canopy optimization If the trees are pruned shorter and denser, they will be easier to manage and the yield will also increase. If the large branches on the main trunk are pruned off in summer, the height of the tree will decrease by more than 70% in two years. Moreover, the fruit on each tree will increase in quantity, weight and sweetness, and it will be safer and less laborious to pick. Pruning can also make the tree crown more breathable and light-permeable, allowing the leaves to receive more sunlight, which is beneficial for the fruits to grow both beautifully and deliciously. 3.3 Nutrient, water, and soil management tailored to high-density orchards Orchards with high-density planting have a higher demand for water and fertilizer. Therefore, the management of fertilizer and water must keep up. The soil can be improved first, and then the water and fertilizer plan can be determined according to different soils and varieties. The wax bayberry rootstock can also make the leaves greener and healthier, and the plant more drought-tolerant or disease-resistant (Saeed et al., 2023). Under greenhouse conditions, the sugar accumulation of fruits and the activities of related enzymes will be significantly enhanced, and the fruits will be sweeter and more delicious than those in the open field (Wu et al., 2021). Therefore, soil, varieties, water and fertilizer should be taken into consideration together to ensure high yield and good fruit quality in the orchard. 4 High-Yield Formation Mechanisms in Dwarf-Dense Bayberry Systems 4.1 Canopy light interception and photosynthetic efficiency improvement Dwarf-dense cultivation can make the tree shape of the bayberry more compact and the distribution of leaves more reasonable, which is conducive to receiving more sunlight and also improves the overall photosynthetic efficiency. The shape and size of leaves are controlled by genes, and these characteristics directly affect the yield of trees. Nowadays, some studies have identified the relevant gene regions (QTLs) and key genes, laying the foundation for improving tree type and enhancing light efficiency in the future (Zhang et al., 2021). In addition, a good canopy structure can also allow sunlight to reach each leaf more evenly, which is beneficial for plants to store more energy and lay a better foundation for fruiting.
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