Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 44-53 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 47 seeds were treated in advance, the germination and subsequent growth conditions were unstable, which caused trouble for large-scale planting (Swaminathan and Revathy, 2013; Haider et al., 2016). Moreover, it takes a long time for the seedlings to be transplanted from being planted, which is not very suitable for large-scale commercial cultivation. Although cuttings and grafting are sometimes quite effective, they also have their problems. They have relatively high requirements for their growing environment. If not well cared for, it will be very difficult for new seedlings to survive. Whether these methods can succeed largely depends on whether the growers have good skills and the quality of the plant materials used for propagation. Therefore, they are not very suitable for large-scale planting (Yang, 2010; Mundhe and Shamet, 2011). 3.3 Progress in communication methods Recently, people have developed some new breeding techniques, such as artificial breeding, rapid breeding and cloning breeding, precisely to address the shortcomings of the old methods. For instance, artificial cultivation can quickly grow soapberry seedlings in a well-controlled environment, ensuring that the new seedlings grow exactly the same as the original ones and have a high survival rate. Research has found that cultivating a part of the plant in an artificial cultivation environment can make the new buds grow fast and in large quantities, and the final transplanting can also survive (Figure 2) (Asthana et al., 2011; Srinivas et al., 2014). Figure 2 Micropropagation of Sapindus trifoliatus L. using seedling node explants (Adopted from Asthana et al., 2011) Image caption: a Seedling node showing bud breaking on MS medium containing 1.0 mg l-1 BAP after 12 days of culture. b Multiple shoot formation from seedling node on MS medium containing 1.0 mg l-1 BAP after four weeks of incubation.c Multiple shoot induction on mother explant after three successive transfers on MS medium containing 1.0 mg l-1 BAP. d Multiple shoot formation from nodal segment excised from in vitro raised shoots on MS medium containing 1.0 mg l-1 BAP after third subculture. e Rooting of microshoot which was cultured on MS medium containing 1.0 mg l-1 IBA for 24 h and then transferred to the same medium without PGR. f Plantlet acclimatized and established in earthen pot containing garden soil. g Plant growing in field condition after 6 months of transplantation (Adopted from Asthana et al., 2011) Rapid cultivation is a type of artificial cultivation that can produce many plants that look the same and are free from diseases and pests at once. This method uses special agents to help the stems of plants grow and take root, so that the survival rate is very high when transplanting (Singh et al., 2010). Cloning and breeding is to make the newly grown plants exactly the same as the original ones. The plants grown in this way all have the same good qualities, which is very helpful for large-scale commercial cultivation (Asthana et al., 2011; Srinivas et al., 2014).
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