Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 44-53 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 46 Different seedless trees prefer different growing environments and are distributed in different places. Some can grow at high altitudes, while others require specific light conditions to grow well (Sun et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2021c). These different adaptability abilities indicate that the plants of this family are diverse, which also enables them to survive and function in different places. 2.2 Ecological and economic significance Plants of the genus Acacia are particularly important both ecologically and economically. From an ecological perspective, they can grow well in many environments, and the saponins in their leaves can also drive away pests. Therefore, people will use them to replant trees for greening and restore the land (Liu et al., 2022; Souza et al., 2023). Economically, soap pods are of great use. They can be used to make traditional medicine, soap, and as raw materials for the production of biodiesel and other chemical products (Liu et al., 2021a; Liu et al., 2021b; Liu et al., 2022). Especially the fruits of seedless trees are often used to extract saponins. Saponins are not only an important component of natural cleaners, but also can be used in pharmaceutical factories (Zhao et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2021b). In addition to making money directly, seedless trees are also helpful for environmental protection. They can make the soil more solid and provide a place for many small insects to live, which is very beneficial for protecting biodiversity (Souza et al., 2023). Because of its many uses, the seedless tree is crucial in both local economic development and ecological protection efforts. 2.3 Challenges faced in cultivation and propagation Although seedless trees have so many benefits, it is not easy to plant them and have them reproduce. A major problem is that because there are no varieties that are particularly capable of bearing fruit and have stable yields, the harvest varies each year, affecting the income of seedless trees (Liu et al., 2021a). Moreover, with the current climate change, their growth environment has also been damaged, resulting in a decreasing number of seedless tree varieties. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to protect the superior variety resources of these plants (Liu et al., 2021b). Another problem is that different subtrees have difficulty adapting to the changing environment. For instance, due to climate change, some places may no longer be suitable for growing seedless trees in the future (Liu et al., 2021b; Liu et al., 2021c). Come up with new management methods and select varieties that can withstand environmental changes. Nowadays, people are striving to find and cultivate better varieties to solve these problems and make seedless trees grow better and have higher yields (Liu et al., 2021a; Liu et al., 2022) 3 Research Status of Propagation Methods for Soapberry Seedlings 3.1 Traditional communication technologies In the past, the common methods for growing soapberry seedlings included sowing, cutting and grafting. Sowing is the most common. To make the seeds germinate better, people will do some treatment on the seeds before sowing. For example, soaking the seeds in hot water for a short while can make the seeds germinate more easily in the nursery and the seedlings can grow better (Haider et al., 2016). Also, soaking seeds in cold water or treating them with chemical agents can also make the seeds germinate earlier and grow stronger (Mundhe and Shamet, 2011; Swaminathan and Revathy, 2013). Cutting propagation is to cultivate new plants using the branches or stems of plants. By adjusting different cultivation conditions and treatment methods, people have increased the success rate of root formation by cuttings. For instance, after treating the 15-centimeter-long branch tips with rooting powder, almost over 92% of them could grow roots (Yang, 2010). The advantage of this method is that the success rate is relatively high, and the newly grown plants look the same as the original ones. 3.2 Limitations of traditional methods Although these old methods are used a lot, they also have quite a few disadvantages. Due to the varying quality of seeds and environmental changes, seedlings grown by sowing grow slowly and are prone to death. Even if the
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