Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 70-79 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 77 genetic technology in addition, the problem will be even more complicated. These techniques can select good varieties more quickly in breeding and improve the performance of plants (Varkonyi-Gasic et al., 2018; 2021) However, due to the strict regulations in agriculture and the environment, new technologies are sometimes difficult to be applied immediately, which will slow down the promotion speed of new varieties. 9.3 Consumer acceptance and market barriers Nowadays, kiwifruit with better flavor, more colors and richer nutrition can be cultivated. However, when promoting it in the market, problems such as consumers’ taste habits and insufficient cognition of new things are still encountered (Hanley, 2018). When it comes to genetically modified technology, many people are concerned about safety or environmental impact, making it more difficult for genetically modified kiwifruit to enter the market (Varkonyi-Gasic et al., 2018; 2021) There must be clear and simple publicity methods to solve these problems, so that everyone understands the benefits of new varieties and that they are safe, so that more people are willing to try and the breeding achievements can truly play a role. 10 Future Prospects 10.1 Emerging technologies and their potential impact CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing has been used to make kiwifruit flower earlier and grow more compactically, potentially making kiwifruit cultivation in indoor environments a reality (Varkonyi-Gasic et al., 2018; 2021) Molecular cellular genetic techniques such as FISH and GISH enable scientists to have a clearer understanding of the genetic structure of kiwifruit, which is beneficial for making more accurate breeding decisions (Zhao et al., 2022). Establishing an efficient in vitro culture system can rapidly obtain a large amount of new materials through chromosome doubling or micropropagation, facilitating the development of new varieties (Wu, 2018). 10.2 Prospects for international collaboration in breeding programs The sharing of genetic resources among countries, the exchange of experiences and the application of advanced technologies have enhanced the efficiency of breeding. Italy and Romania have jointly integrated resources and expertise and successfully bred high-quality kiwifruit varieties (Iliescu et al., 2022). Hanley (2018) believes that this kind of cooperation can solve global problems such as bacterial canker disease of kiwifruit and improve the disease resistance of varieties. Through international cooperation among different countries, they can leverage their respective genetic resource advantages and technological means to jointly develop robust varieties that are both high-yielding and disease-resistant. 10.3 Vision for the future of kiwifruit hybrid breeding The future of kiwifruit hybrid breeding is likely to combine new technologies and international cooperation to jointly cultivate new high-quality varieties that are more suitable for the global market. Tools such as GS and MAS are useful for breeders to find kiwifruit with good traits such as better taste, brighter color and higher nutrition more quickly (Hanley, 2018). Hybridization among different species can be used in the future to cultivate rootstock materials that control growth or enhance disease resistance (Marcellan et al., 2022). Maghdouri et al. (2021) demonstrated that improvements in seed germination methods and the growth patterns of seedlings would make the propagation of new varieties smoother. With the breeding work becoming increasingly complex, people are paying more and more attention to sustainable development and using cryopreservation methods to preserve precious germplasm resources for a long time (Pathirana et al., 2020). Acknowledgments We appreciate the feedback from two anonymous peer reviewers on the manuscript of this study Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abbate A., Campbell J., Vinson E., and Williams G., 2021, The pollination and fruit quality of two kiwifruit cultivars (Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and ‘AU Gulf Coast Gold’) (Ericales: Actinidiaceae) grown in the southeastern United States, Journal of Economic Entomology, 114(3): 1234-1241.
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