Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 62-69 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 67 could directly make precise mutations on key genes and accelerate the breeding speed of superior new varieties. Zhou et al. (2020) found that this method has been tested on other fruit trees and has achieved good results in improving fruit quality, enhancing disease resistance and increasing yield. CRISPR can edit multiple genes at a time. This ability of multiple editing also enables HTGS to simultaneously improve multiple traits and accelerate the breeding process (Ren et al., 2021). 6.3 Potential for enhancing both fruit size and sugar content simultaneously The CRISPR-Cas9 technology offers the possibility of simultaneously increasing the fruit size and sugar content of grapevines. The gene VvGRF4, which regulates the inflorescence structure, can be mutated site-specific. Editing it can make the fruit larger and the fruit cluster structure better. Ren et al. (2021) demonstrated that editing glucose transport genes such as TMT1 and TMT2 could enhance glucose accumulation. Through the precise editing of CRISPR, scientists can simultaneously target multiple key genes, increase fruit size and sugar content, and improve the overall quality of the variety. Rossmann et al. (2020) believe that the combination of CRISPR technology and marker-assisted breeding methods may lead to more ideal results and provide stronger support for the improvement of grapes. 7 Conclusion E3 ubiquitin ligase VlPUB38 can negatively regulate fruit ripening by degrading abscisic-aldehyde oxidase. The transcription factor VvWRKY22 interacts with VvSnRK1.1/VvSnRK1.2 and affects sugar accumulation by regulating the expression of genes related to sugar and ABA. VvGH9 can positively regulate sugar accumulation in a low-sugar environment, indicating that it may be crucial in the carbohydrate metabolism of grapes. The glucose transporter protein VvSWEET7 was upregulated after grapevines were infected with Botrytis cinerea, indicating that it may be important in fruit development and glucose transport. The sugar-induced protein kinase VvSK1 can regulate the transport of hexose and affect sugar accumulation in cells. Understanding the role of VlPUB38 in the fruit ripening process is useful for better controlling the ripening time of grapes, improving fruit quality and extending the shelf life. The regulatory ability of VvWRKY22 and VvGH9 on sugar accumulation provides a new direction for improving the sweetness of grapes. The function of VvSWEET7 in pathogenic bacterial infection responses indicates that regulating it can enhance the disease resistance of grapes, reduce their reliance on pesticides, and is beneficial to sustainable agricultural development. The regulatory mechanism of VvSK1 on sugar transport provides potential technical means for increasing the sugar content and economic value of fruits. Future research can focus on how key genes work in synergy with other regulatory factors and signaling pathways to jointly control the mechanisms of fruit development and glucose metabolism. Gene editing tools such as CRISPR-Cas9 offer great possibilities for precisely modifying these genes and breeding better new varieties. The exploration of the influence of environmental factors such as climate and soil on the expression of these genes is also beneficial for guiding grape growers to make more scientific management decisions in the context of climate change. In-depth exploration of the functions and regulatory networks of these genes can enhance the understanding of grape biology and bring new impetus to grape breeding and modern agricultural practice. Acknowledgments The author sincerely thanks Dr. Ge for carefully reviewing the manuscript of this study and providing detailed revision suggestions. The author also extends deep gratitude to the two anonymous peer reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions on the manuscript of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Bogs J., Jaffé F., Takos A., Walker A., and Robinson S., 2007, The grapevine transcription factor VvMYBPA1 regulates proanthocyanidin synthesis during fruit development, Plant Physiology, 143(3): 1347-1361. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.106.093203
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