Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 54-61 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 56 3.2 Selection criteria for molecular markers of Qingchuan Wu To screen the molecular markers of Qingchuan Wu, it is necessary to identify the genetic markers closely related to important characteristics such as growth conditions, appearance, and medicinal components. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPS) are particularly crucial because they are numerous and widely distributed in genes. In Qingchuan Wu, scientists discovered that the SNPS of SIRT1, SIRT2 and LPL genes are useful markers related to these characteristics, which laid the foundation for marker-assisted breeding (MAS) (El-Hack et al., 2018). Facts have proved that these marks play a significant role in increasing the content of medicinal components, optimizing plant growth, and predicting the quality (Xu et al., 2012). In addition, proteomics provides us with a new approach to understanding the biological processes that affect the characteristic expression of plants. Studies have found that proteins such as actin, myosin and heat shock protein can be used as biomarkers and linked to medicinal properties. These proteomic markers can help us understand the molecular principles that affect the quality of Qingchuan Wu more clearly and are of great value for screening and breeding Qingchuan Wu varieties (Figure 1) (Hasan et al., 2021). Other studies have shown that combining proteomics and genomics can significantly improve the efficiency of screening markers (Zhao et al., 2018). Figure 1 The figure explains the basic procedure of marker-assisted selection (Adopted from Hasan et al., 2021) 3.3 How molecular markers aid in selecting traits for medicinal plants When selecting the important characteristics of medicinal plants, molecular markers can precisely identify the genetic traits related to medicinal characteristics and play a very crucial role. With it, breeders can distinguish which plants have specific genetic maps, and these maps are related to high levels of active ingredients, disease
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