Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 54-61 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 55 illnesses for a long time. Research shows these substances can reduce inflammation and fight oxidation. Also, it can grow well in the local climate and soil, making it really significant in traditional medicine and local farming (El-Hack et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2018). Besides being used for medicine, Qingchuan Wu’s role in environmental protection has drawn attention. It can survive in various conditions and is vital to the local ecosystem. Planting this Qingchuan Wu helps keep different species alive and provides local farmers with steady earnings. When grown in agriculture, Qingchuan Wu passes on old planting methods and safeguards natural resources at the same time (Cai et al., 2019). 2.2 Current challenges in Qingchuan Wu cultivation and breeding Although Qingchuan Wu has many benefits, there are still quite a few difficulties in its cultivation and breeding of new varieties. One of the major problems is that the variety differences among them are small, which leads to the plants being prone to diseases and pests. The small differences in varieties also make it difficult to cultivate new varieties using the old methods. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to find new methods to enrich the varieties of Qingchuan Wu and make it more resistant to pests and diseases (El-Hack et al., 2018). Another challenge is the trouble that environmental changes have brought to the cultivation of Qingchuan Wu. The climate is constantly changing and the soil is getting worse and worse, which has seriously affected the growth of Qingchuan Wu, causing a significant decline in yield. In order to ensure that the Qingchuan Wu can always have a harvest, it is necessary to develop more environmentally friendly planting and cultivation methods. Only by solving these problems can the medicinal and ecological values of Qingchuan Wu be preserved (Zhao et al., 2015; Cai et al., 2019). 2.3 The potential of molecular markers for improving genetic diversity and quality Molecular marker technology has brought new hope for solving the problems in the cultivation of Qingchuan Wu. Markers such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can help people select good variety characteristics at the genetic level. By using molecular marker technology, breeders can cultivate more diverse varieties of Qingchuan Wu, improve the quality, make the plants grow stronger and better adapt to harsh environments (El-Hack et al., 2018). When cultivating new varieties, the use of molecular marker technology can greatly accelerate the speed of breeding high-quality varieties of Qingchuan Wu. Compared with the old methods, this technology can accurately select the cultivation objects and save time and resources (Xu et al., 2012). Integrating molecular marker technology into the breeding plan can not only improve the cultivation efficiency, but also ensure the stable and high yield of Qingchuan Wu chinensis cultivation (Cai et al., 2019). 3 Molecular Markers in Plant Breeding 3.1 Definition and types of molecular markers Molecular markers are specific fragments in DNA that can be used to identify specific locations in the genome. They are markers of gene mapping and it is very important to track the inheritance of traits in plant breeding. Among various types of molecular markers, simple sequence repeats (SSRs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) are widely used. SSRs, also known as microsatellites, are DNA repeat sequences composed of 1 to 6 base pairs, featuring high variability and dominance, which makes them very useful in genetic diversity research and the construction of linkage maps. On the other hand, SNP is a single-base pair variation at a specific site in a DNA sequence. Due to its large quantity and wide distribution in the genome, it can provide a high-resolution genetic map (El-Hack et al., 2018). RAPD markers are generated by amplifying random fragments of genomic DNA with a single primer (any nucleotide sequence). They belong to explicit markers, meaning that it is impossible to distinguish between homozygous and heterozygous states, which might be a limitation. However, RAPD can rapidly generate a large number of markers without prior understanding of the genome. Each marker has its advantages and disadvantages. The specific choice depends on the requirements of the breeding plan, such as the required polymorphism level, cost and ease of operation (El-Hack et al., 2018; Hu et al., 2024).
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