Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 1-8 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 6 leading to a faster ripening process in cultivars such as Chanee compared to the slower-ripening Monthong. Additionally, the involvement of Dof transcription factors, particularly DzDof2.2, in auxin biosynthesis further supports the link between auxin and ethylene in fruit ripening. Despite recent progress in understanding the hormonal regulation of fruit ripening in durian, there are still several knowledge gaps. The exact mechanisms through which auxin and cytokinin interact to regulate tree size and fruit yield remain unclear. Additionally, the variation in hormone responses among different cultivars suggests a more complex genetic basis that requires further exploration. The interplay of other phytohormones with auxin and cytokinin in shaping these traits also warrants more investigation. Furthermore, environmental factors influencing hormonal pathways in durian need to be studied in greater detail to optimize fruit production and quality. Gaining deeper insights into the hormonal regulation of durian growth and fruiting presents significant opportunities for improving cultivation practices and breeding strategies. By targeting genes such as DzARF2A and DzDof2.2, it may be possible to enhance fruit yield and accelerate ripening in commercial durian varieties. This could contribute to the development of new cultivars with traits like faster ripening and larger fruit size, aligning with market demands. Moreover, understanding hormonal interactions could guide breeding programs aimed at enhancing stress resilience and refining growth conditions for durian trees, ultimately supporting more efficient and sustainable production. Acknowledgments We sincerely thank Mr. Rudi Mai and Mr. Qixue Liang for their valuable assistance in data organization and verification, which greatly helped us improve the manuscript. We also extend our heartfelt gratitude to the two anonymous peer reviewers for their comprehensive and insightful evaluation and valuable comments on the manuscript. Funding This study was supported by the Research and Training Fund of the Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources (Project No. H2025-02). Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Cao J., Li G., Qu D., Li X., and Wang Y., 2020, Into the seed: auxin controls seed development and grain yield, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(5): 1662. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051662 Cheng B., Jiang Y., and Cao C., 2021, Balance rice yield and eating quality by changing the traditional nitrogen management for sustainable production in China, Journal of Cleaner Production, 312: 127793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127793 Desta B., and Amare G., 2021, Paclobutrazol as a plant growth regulator, Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 8: 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-020-00199-z Di Marzo M., Herrera-Ubaldo H., Caporali E., Novák O., Strnad M., BalanzàV., Ezquer I., Mendes M., De Folter S., and Colombo L., 2020, SEEDSTICK controls Arabidopsis fruit size by regulating cytokinin levels and FRUITFULL, Cell Reports, 30(8): 2846-2857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.101 Fenn M., and Giovannoni J., 2020, Phytohormones in fruit development and maturation, The Plant Journal, 105(2): 446-458. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15112 He H., and Yamamuro C., 2022, Interplays between auxin and GA signaling coordinate early fruit development, Horticulture Research, 9: uhab078. https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhab078 He Q., Yang L., Hu W., Zhang J., and Xing Y., 2018, Overexpression of an auxin receptor OsAFB6 significantly enhanced grain yield by increasing cytokinin and decreasing auxin concentrations in rice panicle, Scientific Reports, 8: 14051. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32450-x Huang D.D., 2024, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in legumes: opportunities for functional genomics and breeding, Legume Genomics and Genetics, 15(4): 199-209. https://doi.org/10.5376/lgg.2024.15.0020 Huang W.Z., and Hong Z.M., 2024, Marker-assisted selection in cassava: from theory to practice, Plant Gene and Trait, 15(1): 33-43. https://doi.org/10.5376/pgt.2024.15.0005
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