Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 9-17 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 14 5.2 Screening results of germplasm resources Molecular marker techniques such as ISSR and EST-SSR are often used to identify genetic variations related to these key traits (Sun et al., 2018a). Liu et al. (2021a) screened out a variety of outstanding germplasms through these techniques. The germplasms numbered 80, 110 and 112 in the study performed well in terms of yield and saponin levels, and were ideal materials for the breeding program. Mahar et al. (2011b) pointed out that the superior performance of some germplasms in specific regions indicates that regional adaptability needs to be considered when selecting superior germplasms. Liu et al. (2021a) hold that the goal of germplasm screening is to make full use of the existing trait differences and improve the overall quality and yield of Sapindus mukorossi through breeding. In their early research in Himachal Pradesh, India, Bahar and Singh (2007) identified several sources of high-quality seeds through indicators such as seed weight, germination rate and viability index. 5.3 Regional adaptability evaluation The research of Sun et al. (2018b) found that different germplasm of Sapindus mukorossi exhibited differently in regions with different precipitation and temperature conditions. The germplasm of subgroup 1 in the study is more suitable for areas with moderate precipitation and lower temperatures, and the germplasm of subgroup 2 can better cope with the environment with large rainfall fluctuations. Areas with moderate climate and moderate rainfall are more suitable for promoting the cultivation of high-yield and high-quality Sapindus mukorossi varieties (Mahar et al., 2011a; Sun et al., 2018b). Bisht et al. (2016) hold that by combining the determined genetic markers and environmental adaptability, new varieties with high saponin content and excellent comprehensive traits can be developed in a targeted manner. 6 Development and Utilization of Superior Germplasm Resources of Sapindus mukorossi 6.1 Breeding techniques for superior germplasm Through the observation and selection of different seed sources, germplasm resources with high saponin content and strong stress resistance can be screened out (Xue et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2022). Asexual reproduction is suitable for preserving and replicating these excellent traits. It can maintain the stability of germplasm without changing genes and is suitable for maintaining the genetic consistency of high-quality plants (Mahar et al., 2011b; Singh et al., 2015; Singh et al., 2019). The research by Sun et al. (2018b) and Liu et al. (2021a) pointed out that different genotypes behave differently under different climatic conditions. Selecting the appropriate genotype is crucial for achieving large-scale and efficient planting. Mahar et al. (2011a) and Sun et al. (2018a) demonstrated that the application of molecular markers is helpful for breeders to screen out high-yield and high-quality varieties more quickly in this process, and also provides technical support for establishing a large-scale production system. 6.2 Industrial applications of superior germplasm Sapindus mukorossi has attracted extensive attention in the detergent industry due to its high saponin content in its fruit, and it is a natural and environmentally friendly alternative resource. Liu et al. (2021a) and Liu et al. (2022) have identified several high-quality germplasms with high saponin yields, which are very suitable for the industrial development of washing products. Mahar et al. (2011b) hold that these natural saponin products are greener and safer compared with traditional synthetic detergents, meeting the market demand for sustainable natural products. Some genotypes can still maintain a good growth state in an environment with high altitude and large variations in rainfall, and are particularly suitable for greening projects in ecologically fragile areas (Ba, 2014; Sun et al., 2018b). The application of these germplasms is beneficial to enhancing plant diversity and also plays an active role in the restoration of degraded land and landscape stability (Mahar et al., 2011a; Xue et al., 2022). 6.3 Recommendations for germplasm resource conservation and development Sun et al. (2018a) and Liu et al. (2022) both hold that germplasm resource banks and gene banks can centrally preserve high-quality germplasm and key genes discovered in various studies, playing a role in long-term storage and resource management. Establishing such a preservation system can ensure that genetic materials with
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