Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 9-17 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 13 Combining association analysis and genetic diversity assessment can help understand the extent to which certain genes influence the target traits. The research by Mahar et al. (2011b) and Sun et al. (2018a) utilized ISSR markers to identify loci related to saponin synthesis and other economic traits, revealing the genetic mechanisms behind these traits. By understanding these genetic factors, breeders can formulate more targeted strategies, focusing on enhancing key indicators such as saponin content and stress resistance of Sapindus mukorossi, and promoting its application value in biodiesel, pharmaceutical development and biochemical engineering fields. 5 Screening and Evaluation of Superior Germplasm in Sapindus mukorossi 5.1 Comprehensive trait evaluation indicators Xue et al. (2022) found that Sapindus mukorossi exhibits distinct biological characteristics from flowering to fruiting. Detailed records of its morphology and growth habits provide a solid foundation for subsequent breeding, cultivation, and medicinal development (Figure 2). Sun et al. (2018a) and Liu et al. (2022) indicated that germplasms with high saponin content have attracted attention due to their applications in biodiesel and the pharmaceutical fields, and the high content of oil in seeds is related to the production efficiency of biodiesel. Mahar et al. (2011b) and Sun et al. (2018b) hold that the stress resistance ability that can grow in various environments is an important factor in evaluating the quality of germplasm, and it is related to the sustainable planting performance in different ecological areas. Figure 2 Representative photographs of S. mukorossi (Adopted from Xue et al., 2022) Image caption: a Mature S. mukorossi tree in its natural habitat. b Flowers. c, d Fruits. Bar =1 cm (Adopted from Xue et al., 2022)
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