Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 9-17 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 10 2 Distribution and Ecological Characteristics of Sapindus mukorossi Germplasm Resources 2.1 Distribution of Sapindus mukorossi germplasm resources Sapindus mukorossi is mainly distributed in the subtropical and tropical regions of Asia. It is relatively adaptable to warm climates and diverse ecological environments and can grow widely in these areas (Sun et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2021b; Liu et al., 2021c). S. mukorossi is the most widely distributed species in the Sapindus genus, concentrated in the central and eastern regions of China. S. delavayi is mainly distributed in southwestern China, while S. rarak is mainly found in Southeast Asia (Figure 1). Liu et al. (2021d) and Wang et al. (2020) hold that the ability of Sapindus mukorossi to adapt to different environmental changes is also one of the reasons why it can survive in multiple regions. Figure 1 Spatial distribution of occurrence records of S. mukorossi, S. delavayi, and S. rarak (Adopted from Liu et al., 2021d) The main production areas of Sapindus mukorossi in China include provinces such as Fujian, Zhejiang and Guizhou. These places have a warm climate and belong to the climate type between the temperate and tropical zones. The precipitation is generally medium to high, and the soil is relatively fertile. The pH value is mostly between 5.6 and 7.6. This soil condition is very suitable for the growth of Sapindus mukorossi (Liu et al., 2021b; Liu et al., 2021c). Liu et al. (2021c) also found that the soil moisture content in these areas was generally between 40 and 140 millimeters, providing a good water basis for the normal growth and yield of Sapindus mukorossi. 2.2 Phenotypic diversity of Sapindus mukorossi germplasm The germplasm resources of Sapindus mukorossi vary greatly in appearance and traits. Different varieties have obvious differences in tree height, leaf size and fruit weight (Sun et al., 2017; Gao et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2020). The size and saponin content of fruits vary greatly, which is very important for breeding work because better varieties need to be selected for promotion and cultivation during breeding (Liu et al., 2021b; Liu et al., 2022; Song et al., 2023). The research by Liu et al. (2021b) showed that the saponin content in the fruit of Sapindus mukorossi varied between 4.14% and 27.04%, and the oil content in the seeds ranged from 26.15% to 44.69%. Sun et al. (2017) and Liu et al. (2021b) hold that this difference is mainly influenced by both genes and the external environment. It is crucial to accurately assess these traits before breeding Sapindus mukorossi varieties with high yield and good quality.
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