Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 239-246 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 245 9 Concluding Remarks Recent advancements in molecular breeding techniques for pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) have significantly enhanced our understanding and ability to improve this economically important fruit crop. Key advances include the development of interspecific and interploid hybrids through techniques such as embryo rescue and chromosome doubling, which have led to improved hybrids with desirable traits. The construction of a high-density genetic map using whole genome resequencing has provided a robust framework for quantitative trait mapping and marker-assisted selection, facilitating the genetic improvement of pitaya. Additionally, the sequencing of a chromosome-scale genome of Hylocereus undatus has offered novel insights into genome evolution and the regulation of betalain biosynthesis, which is crucial for the fruit's coloration and nutritional value. The use of molecular markers, such as RAPD and SSR, has further enabled the assessment of genetic variability and diversity, aiding in the selection and breeding of superior pitaya varieties. Case studies have highlighted the importance of integrating traditional breeding methods with modern molecular tools to achieve significant improvements in pitaya breeding programs. The successful development of intergeneric hybrids between Hylocereus and Selenicereus species demonstrates the potential of leveraging genetic diversity from related species to enhance desirable traits. The application of biotechnological tools, such as micropropagation and molecular marker technology, has proven essential in conserving and utilizing genetic resources effectively. Moreover, the challenges encountered in developing protocols for DNA isolation and chromosome doubling underscore the need for continued innovation and refinement of molecular techniques to overcome technical barriers in breeding programs. The advances in molecular breeding techniques for pitaya underscore the potential for significant improvements in fruit quality, yield, and adaptability. However, to fully realize this potential, there is a need for continued research and collaboration among scientists, breeders, and industry stakeholders. Future efforts should focus on expanding genomic resources, refining breeding techniques, and exploring the genetic basis of key traits to accelerate the development of superior pitaya cultivars. A concerted effort to integrate these advances into practical breeding programs will ensure the sustainable growth and competitiveness of the pitaya industry in global markets. Acknowledgments The authors extend sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their feedback on the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Chen J., Xie F., Cui Y., Chen C., Lu W., Hu X., Hua Q., Zhao J., Wu Z., Gao D., Zhang Z., Jiang W., Sun Q., Hu G., and Qin Y., 2021, A chromosome-scale genome sequence of pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) provides novel insights into the genome evolution and regulation of betalain biosynthesis, Horticulture Research, 8: 164. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-021-00612-0 PMid:34230458 PMCid:PMC8260669 Demi̇rkaplan G., and Gübbük H., 2023, The effect of interspecific and intraspecific hybridization on seed germination of pitaya (Hylocereus spp.), Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 60(2): 257-263. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.1283624 Hasan N., Choudhary S., Naaz N., Sharma N., and Laskar R., 2021, Recent advancements in molecular marker-assisted selection and applications in plant breeding programmes, Journal of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, 19(1): 128. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-021-00231-1 PMid:34448979 PMCid:PMC8397809 Hu X., Xie F., Liang W., Liang Y., Zhang Z., Zhao J., Hu G., and Qin Y., 2022, HuNAC20 and HuNAC25, two novel NAC genes from pitaya, confer cold tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(4): 2189. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042189
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