Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 239-246 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 244 2010). These molecular tools enable breeders to efficiently select and propagate pitaya varieties with enhanced resistance to diseases, thereby improving crop resilience and yield. 7.2 Enhancing fruit quality traits Advancements in molecular breeding have also focused on improving fruit quality traits in pitaya. The chromosome-scale genome sequence of Hylocereus undatus has provided insights into the regulation of betalain biosynthesis, a key determinant of fruit color and nutritional value (Chen et al., 2021). This genomic information, combined with transcriptomic analyses, has identified gene networks involved in fruit quality traits, allowing for targeted breeding strategies to enhance these characteristics. Furthermore, the development of SSR markers has facilitated the genetic identification and selection of pitaya accessions with desirable fruit quality traits, such as size, taste, and nutritional content (Nashima et al., 2021; Demi̇rkaplan and Gübbük, 2023). 7.3 Integrating techniques for comprehensive improvement Integrating various molecular breeding techniques has led to comprehensive improvements in pitaya cultivation. The combination of interspecific and interploid crosses, along with embryo rescue procedures, has resulted in the creation of improved hybrids with enhanced horticultural traits (Tel-Zur, 2022). These hybrids have been further refined using molecular tools such as SSR and RAPD markers to ensure the selection of superior genotypes (Junqueira et al., 2010; Nashima et al., 2021). Additionally, the construction of high-density genetic maps and the availability of a draft genome have provided a robust framework for ongoing breeding programs aimed at improving both disease resistance and fruit quality in pitaya (Chen et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2021). This integrated approach ensures that breeding efforts are both efficient and effective, leading to the development of pitaya varieties that meet both agricultural and consumer demands. 8 Future Directions 8.1 Emerging technologies The future of pitaya breeding is poised to benefit significantly from emerging technologies in genomics and biotechnology. The development of a chromosome-scale genome sequence for Hylocereus undatus has provided a comprehensive resource for understanding the genetic basis of important traits, such as betalain biosynthesis, which can be leveraged for molecular breeding programs (Chen et al., 2021). Additionally, the use of high-density genetic maps constructed through whole genome resequencing offers a powerful tool for quantitative trait mapping and marker-assisted selection, facilitating the identification of desirable traits for breeding (Wu et al., 2021). The application of biotechnological tools, including cell and tissue culture, micropropagation, and molecular marker technology, has already shown promise in enhancing pitaya germplasm and will continue to play a crucial role in future breeding efforts (Shah et al., 2023). 8.2 Collaborative efforts Collaborative efforts among researchers, breeders, and institutions are essential to advance pitaya breeding. The integration of genetic resources from diverse geographical regions, such as those collected in Okinawa, Japan, can enhance the genetic diversity available for breeding programs (Nashima et al., 2021). International collaborations can also facilitate the sharing of genomic data and breeding techniques, accelerating the development of improved pitaya varieties. Programs like Embrapa Cerrados' pitaya selection and improvement initiative demonstrate the potential of coordinated efforts to address specific regional needs and consumer preferences (Junqueira et al., 2010). 8.3 Vision for sustainable pitaya breeding Sustainable pitaya breeding aims to develop varieties that are not only high-yielding and nutritionally superior but also resilient to environmental stresses. The use of molecular tools to understand genetic relationships and dominant/recessive traits can guide the creation of hybrids with enhanced horticultural potential (Tel-Zur, 2022). Moreover, the exploration of genetic variability within pitaya species using techniques like RAPD markers can identify plants with desirable production traits, contributing to the sustainability of breeding programs (Junqueira et al., 2010). By focusing on both genetic improvement and environmental adaptability, future breeding efforts can ensure the long-term viability and success of pitaya cultivation worldwide.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzMg==