Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 229-238 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 232 increase sugar concentrations in the grapes, which can have a carryover effect on vine capacity in subsequent years (Wang et al., 2019). This suggests that while certain canopy management practices may initially reduce yield, they can enhance vine health and productivity over the long term by improving grape quality and potentially reducing the need for additional interventions. Moreover, the control of shoot vigor and the optimization of canopy density can prevent excessive shading, which is associated with primary bud-axis necrosis and reduced shoot fruitfulness (Pascual et al., 2015). By maintaining an optimal light environment within the renewal zone, canopy management can ensure a balance between vegetative growth and fruit production, thereby sustaining vine health and productivity over multiple growing seasons (Mataffo et al., 2023). These practices are essential for adapting to environmental challenges such as climate change, which necessitates improved viticultural techniques to maintain vine performance and fruit quality (Reščič et al., 2016; Buesa et al., 2020). 5 Impacts of Canopy Management on Grapevine Quality 5.1 Influence on grape composition Canopy management significantly affects the composition of grapes, including sugars, acids, and phenolic compounds. Practices such as shoot thinning and leaf removal can enhance light penetration and air circulation within the canopy, which are critical for the synthesis of sugars and phenolics. For instance, shoot thinning combined with preanthesis defoliation has been shown to increase sugar concentrations in grapes, which is beneficial for wine production (Rienth et al., 2021). Additionally, canopy management can influence the balance of acids in grapes, which is essential for maintaining the desired taste profile in wines. The manipulation of canopy microclimate through practices like leaf removal and shoot thinning can also enhance the phenolic content, contributing to the color and antioxidant properties of the grapes (Silvestroni et al., 2016). 5.2 Effects on aromatic compounds The aromatic profile of grapes, which is a key determinant of wine quality, is also influenced by canopy management. By altering the microclimate around the grape clusters, canopy management practices can affect the synthesis of aromatic compounds. For example, increased light exposure due to reduced canopy density can enhance the development of desirable aromatic compounds, such as terpenes and norisoprenoids, which contribute to the floral and fruity notes in wines (Smart et al., 2017; Yoshino et al., 2019). Moreover, specific practices like shoot thinning and leaf removal have been associated with changes in the amino acid profile of berries, which can further influence the aromatic complexity of the resulting wine. 5.3 Implications for wine quality The ultimate goal of canopy management is to improve wine quality by optimizing grape composition and aromatic profiles. Effective canopy management can lead to better ripening of grapes, resulting in wines with enhanced flavor, color, and overall sensory attributes. For instance, canopy division techniques have been shown to improve both yield and wine quality by reducing shading and promoting uniform ripening (Brillante et al., 2018). Additionally, practices that improve the microclimate, such as shoot thinning and leaf removal, can lead to wines with higher concentrations of anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds, which are crucial for the color and mouthfeel of red wines (Petoumenou and Patris, 2021).. Overall, strategic canopy management is essential for producing high-quality wines that meet consumer expectations and market demands (Torres et al., 2020). 6 Environmental and Economic Considerations 6.1 Sustainability in canopy management practices Sustainability in canopy management practices is crucial for maintaining the ecological balance and ensuring long-term productivity in viticulture. Canopy management techniques, such as shoot thinning, leaf removal, and cluster thinning, have been shown to improve grapevine microclimate and reproductive performance, which are essential for sustainable viticulture, especially in hot climates (Jung and McCouch, 2013). These practices not only enhance the quality of the grapes but also contribute to the overall health of the vineyard ecosystem by optimizing water use and reducing the need for chemical inputs (Daryani et al., 2021). Additionally, the use of biostimulants as a sustainable alternative to traditional practices has been explored, offering eco-friendly strategies
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