Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 206-217 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 213 7.2 Ethical and regulatory considerations in genomic editing The use of genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9, in grapevine breeding raises ethical and regulatory concerns. While these technologies offer precise modifications without altering the overall genetic makeup of the plant, they still face scrutiny similar to that of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) (Costa et al., 2019; Gambino et al., 2024). The wine industry and consumers may have reservations about the acceptance of genome-edited grapevines, despite their potential benefits in improving disease resistance and climate adaptability (Costa et al., 2019). Regulatory frameworks vary significantly across regions, with some countries imposing strict regulations that can hinder the adoption of these technologies (Gambino et al., 2024). The challenge lies in balancing the potential benefits of genomic editing with public perception and regulatory compliance, which requires transparent communication and engagement with stakeholders (Costa et al., 2019; Gambino et al., 2024). 7.3 Knowledge gaps in trait-gene associations A significant limitation in the application of genomic approaches to grapevine breeding is the incomplete understanding of trait-gene associations. While substantial progress has been made in identifying genetic markers linked to specific traits, many important agronomic and enological traits are controlled by complex interactions among multiple genes (Gaspero and Cattonaro, 2010; Gray et al., 2014). This complexity is compounded by the presence of numerous vestigial genes and sequences with unknown functions, making it difficult to predict the phenotypic outcomes of genetic modifications (Gray et al., 2014). The lack of comprehensive knowledge about these associations limits the effectiveness of genomic selection and precision breeding, as breeders may not fully understand the genetic basis of the traits they aim to improve (Gaspero and Cattonaro, 2010; Gray et al., 2014). Addressing these knowledge gaps requires extensive research and collaboration across disciplines to map the genetic architecture of key traits and develop more accurate predictive models. 8 Future Directions and Opportunities 8.1 Integration of AI and big data in genomic research The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data analytics into genomic research presents a transformative opportunity for the field of viticulture. AI can enhance the analysis of complex genomic datasets, enabling more precise identification of genetic markers associated with desirable traits in grapevines. This is particularly relevant given the vast amount of data generated by high-throughput sequencing technologies, which require sophisticated computational tools for effective analysis (Gomès et al., 2021; Butiuc-Keul and Coste, 2023). The use of AI in genomic selection can streamline the breeding process by predicting phenotypic outcomes based on genotypic data, thus accelerating the development of new grapevine varieties with improved traits (Brault et al., 2021). Furthermore, AI-driven models can integrate diverse datasets, including transcriptomic, metabolomic, and phenotypic data, to provide a holistic understanding of grapevine biology and its response to environmental stresses (Wong and Matus, 2017). Big data analytics also offers the potential to enhance precision viticulture by integrating genomic data with environmental and management data. This integration can lead to the development of predictive models that optimize vineyard management practices, improving yield and quality while reducing resource inputs (Massonnet et al., 2019). The ability to process and analyze large datasets in real-time can facilitate adaptive management strategies that respond to changing climatic conditions, thereby supporting sustainable viticulture practices (Keller, 2010). 8.2 Prospects for sustainable and precision viticulture The prospects for sustainable and precision viticulture are closely linked to advancements in genomic technologies and their application in breeding programs. Precision breeding techniques, such as genomic selection and genome editing, allow for the development of grapevine varieties that are better adapted to specific environmental conditions and resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses (Gray et al., 2014; Berger et al., 2023). These technologies enable the selection of traits that enhance sustainability, such as improved water use efficiency and resistance to pests and diseases, which are critical in the context of climate change (Adam-Blondon et al., 2016; Gomès et al., 2021).
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