Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 206-217 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 212 Figure 3 Design of experiment for EDGARR and Martell breeding programs. Green (empty) seedlings carry 2 resistance genes for both powdery and downy mildews; purple seedling are missing resistance genes (Adopted from Brault et al., 2024) Additionally, the use of genetic resources from diverse germplasm collections has been pivotal in introducing alleles that confer climate resilience. Techniques like genome editing and marker-assisted breeding are being used to incorporate these alleles into new cultivars, thus creating grapevines that are not only resilient to climate change but also maintain high fruit quality (Delrot et al., 2020; Magon et al., 2023). This approach is crucial for ensuring the long-term sustainability of viticulture in the face of global climate shifts (Magon et al., 2023). 6.3 Examples of genomic approaches enhancing specific wine traits Genomic approaches have also been applied to enhance specific wine traits, such as flavor, aroma, and color, which are critical for wine quality and consumer preference. By leveraging genomic prediction and selection indices, breeders can target traits that contribute to the sensory profile of wines. For instance, studies have shown that novel grapevine genotypes developed through genomic breeding cycles exhibit increased polyphenol content, which is associated with improved wine color and flavor (Gómez et al., 2024). These genotypes have been shown to produce wines with distinct sensory attributes, such as enhanced astringency and body, which are desirable in certain wine markets. Furthermore, metabolomic profiling has been used to identify biomarkers associated with specific wine traits, allowing for the selection of genotypes that produce wines with unique characteristics (Gómez et al., 2024). This approach not only aids in the development of high-quality wines but also supports the diversification of wine products, catering to varying consumer tastes and preferences. By integrating genomic and metabolomic data, breeders can more effectively tailor grapevine breeding programs to enhance specific wine traits, ultimately contributing to the production of premium wines. 7 Challenges and Limitations 7.1 Technical and financial constraints The integration of genomic approaches in grapevine breeding faces significant technical and financial challenges. Traditional breeding methods are time-consuming, often taking decades to produce new cultivars, which is a major bottleneck in responding to urgent climate change impacts (Magon et al., 2023; Brault et al., 2024). Although genomic selection and marker-assisted breeding offer promising alternatives, their application is limited by the complexity of traits controlled by multiple genes and the high costs associated with genomic technologies (Gaspero and Cattonaro, 2010; Magon et al., 2023). The financial burden of implementing these advanced techniques is substantial, as it involves not only the initial investment in technology but also ongoing costs for data analysis and interpretation (Butiuc-Keul and Coste, 2023). Additionally, the technical expertise required to effectively utilize these genomic tools is a barrier for many breeding programs, which may lack the necessary resources and skilled personnel (Costa et al., 2019; Butiuc-Keul and Coste, 2023).
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