Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 206-217 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 209 Figure 1 Repeat annotation in PN_T2T reference genome. (A) Dataflow of centromere and telomere predictions. (B) Chromosomal distribution of telomeres, centromeres, and different types of TE. Dashed vertical lines indicate the center locations of predicted centromeres (Adopted from Shi et al., 2023) 5 Genomic Approaches in Grapevine Breeding The advancement of genomic technologies has significantly transformed grapevine breeding, offering new methods to enhance the selection and development of grapevine varieties. These genomic approaches include marker-assisted selection (MAS), genomic selection (GS), and gene-editing techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9, each providing unique advantages in the breeding process. 5.1 Marker-assisted selection (MAS) Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a technique that utilizes molecular markers to select plants with desirable traits, thereby accelerating the breeding process. In grapevine breeding, MAS has been particularly useful for traits governed by a few major genes, such as disease resistance and specific phenotypic characteristics (Costa et al., 2019; Magon et al., 2023). The availability of a complete reference genome for grapevine has enhanced the efficiency of MAS by providing a comprehensive map of genetic markers associated with important agronomic traits (Shi et al., 2023). This approach allows breeders to select plants based on their genetic makeup rather than solely on phenotypic traits, which can be influenced by environmental factors (Gaspero and Cattonaro, 2010). Despite its advantages, MAS has limitations when dealing with complex traits controlled by multiple genes, such as yield and fruit quality. These traits often require a more comprehensive approach, as MAS may not capture the full genetic architecture involved. Nonetheless, MAS remains a valuable tool in grapevine breeding, particularly when integrated with other genomic approaches to improve the selection process (Gray et al., 2014; Butiuc-Keul and Coste, 2023).
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