Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 166-176 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 173 technologies, we can develop innovative strategies for forest management and conservation, ensuring the sustainability and resilience of forest ecosystems in the face of global environmental challenges. 8 Concluding Remarks The regulation of tree stem cells operates across multiple scales, from molecular mechanisms to ecosystem-level interactions. At the molecular level, single-cell RNA sequencing has revealed the complex regulatory networks that govern stem cell differentiation, highlighting the importance of transcriptional and epigenetic controls. In plants, stem cells exhibit remarkable developmental plasticity, enabling regeneration and the formation of new organs, with key regulatory mechanisms involving hormonal, genetic, and epigenetic factors. Specific transcription factors, such as BRAVO and WOX5 in Arabidopsis roots, play crucial roles in maintaining stem cell quiescence and regulating root architecture. Additionally, the microenvironment, including biophysical and material cues, significantly influences stem cell behavior and fate. At the organismal level, secondary growth in woody plants involves the coordination of tissue patterning and cell differentiation, regulated by transcriptional regulators and phytohormones. The regenerative capacity of forest tree species, particularly conifers, is influenced by developmental factors such as genotype and tissue age, with molecular pathways involving auxin and stress conditions playing critical roles. Furthermore, redox regulation, involving reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been identified as a key mechanism in maintaining the balance between stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Understanding the multi-scale regulation mechanisms of tree stem cells has profound implications for tree biology and ecology. At the molecular level, insights into the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of stem cells can inform strategies for enhancing tree regeneration and growth, which is crucial for forest management and conservation. The identification of key regulatory factors and pathways provides potential targets for genetic engineering to improve tree resilience and adaptability to environmental stresses. At the ecosystem level, the ability of trees to regenerate and maintain their growth through stem cell regulation is vital for ecosystem stability and biodiversity. Trees play a critical role in carbon sequestration, water regulation, and habitat provision, and their health directly impacts the broader ecological balance. Understanding the influence of microenvironmental factors on stem cell behavior can lead to better management practices that support tree health and forest sustainability. Moreover, the knowledge of redox regulation in stem cell maintenance and differentiation offers new perspectives on how trees respond to oxidative stress and environmental changes, which is essential for predicting and mitigating the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems. Overall, the multi-scale study of tree stem cell regulation enhances our ability to conserve and sustainably manage forest resources, ensuring their continued ecological and economic benefits. Acknowledgments The authors sincerely thank the two anonymous peer reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions on the manuscript. Funding This research was supported by the Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding of China (K2018205). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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