Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 119-131 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 129 Second, the ethical implications of genetic engineering and genome editing in forestry must be carefully considered. Developing clear guidelines and engaging with a diverse range of stakeholders, including indigenous communities and conservationists, will be essential to ensure that these technologies are applied responsibly and equitably. Third, collaboration across disciplines and international borders should be strengthened to facilitate the sharing of knowledge, data, and resources. Building global networks that connect researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders will be key to addressing the challenges of climate change and environmental degradation on a global scale. Finally, future research should focus on translating the advances in gene identification and engineering into practical applications that can be implemented in real-world forestry and conservation efforts. This includes conducting large-scale field trials to validate the effectiveness of genetically enhanced trees under natural conditions and exploring the potential for integrating these technologies into sustainable forest management practices. The advancements in tree stress resistance gene identification and the innovative applications that have emerged from this research hold great promise for the future of forestry science. By continuing to push the limits of what is possible, we can develop more resilient and sustainable forest ecosystems that will thrive in the face of environmental challenges for generations to come. Acknowledgments The author expresses gratitude to the two anonymous peer reviewers for their feedback. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Ahuja M., 2021, Fate of forest tree biotechnology facing climate change, Silvae Genetica, 70: 117-136. https://doi.org/10.2478/sg-2021-0010 Ajoykumar K.N., A., Singh G., and Shackira A.M., 2021, Socio-ethical aspect of genetically modified organisms: a critical analysis, In: Singh P., Borthakur A., Singh A.A., Kumar A., and Singh K.K. (eds.), Policy issues in genetically modified crops, a global perspective, Academic Press, New York, USA, pp.421-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820780-2.00019-4 Campos M., Capilla R., Naya F., Futami R., Coque T., Moya A., Fernandez-Lanza V., Cantón R., Sempere J., Lloréns C., and Baquero F., 2018, Simulating multilevel dynamics of antimicrobial resistance in a membrane computing model, mBio, 10: e02460-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02460-18 PMid:30696743 PMCid:PMC6355984 Cao H., Vu G., and Gailing O., 2022, From genome sequencing to CRISPR-based genome editing for climate-resilient forest trees, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(2): 966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020966 PMid:35055150 PMCid:PMC8780650 Dangi A., Sharma B., Khangwal I., and Shukla P., 2018, Combinatorial interactions of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants and their molecular mechanisms: systems biology approach, Molecular Biotechnology, 60: 636-650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-018-0100-9 PMid:29943149 Duan Y., Han J., Guo B., Zhao W., Zhou S., zhou C., Zhang L., Li X., and Han D., 2022, MbICE1 confers drought and cold tolerance through up-regulating antioxidant capacity and stress-resistant genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(24): 16072. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416072 PMid:36555710 PMCid:PMC9783906
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