Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 57-68 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 66 kinases and Raf-like MAPKKKs in modulating stress responses highlights the importance of these genes in enhancing tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. This study has made several key contributions to the fields of tree physiology and forestry. Firstly, it has synthesized current knowledge on the genetic and molecular bases of stress resistance, providing a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners. By highlighting the importance of specific genes and pathways, this study offers potential targets for genetic engineering and breeding programs aimed at developing stress-resistant tree species. Furthermore, the study underscores the necessity of large-scale field studies to validate laboratory findings and assess the practical applicability of genetic modifications under natural conditions. The insights gained from this study can inform afforestation and reforestation efforts, particularly in regions prone to climatic stresses, thereby contributing to the establishment of sustainable and resilient forest ecosystems. Future research should focus on several key areas to advance our understanding and application of tree stress resistance genes. Firstly, there is a need for more extensive field studies to evaluate the performance of genetically modified trees under diverse environmental conditions and stress combinations. Additionally, research should aim to elucidate the interactions between different stress resistance mechanisms and their cumulative effects on tree physiology and growth. The development of stress-inducible promoters and other biotechnological tools can optimize the balance between growth and defense, enhancing the practical utility of genetic modifications. Furthermore, exploring the potential of inter-specific facilitation and mixed-species stands could offer novel strategies for enhancing stress resistance in forest ecosystems. Finally, integrating genomic, transcriptomic, and phenotypic data will be crucial for identifying and validating new candidate genes for stress resistance, paving the way for the development of more resilient tree species. Acknowledgments The author extends sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their feedback on the manuscript of this paper Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Bano N., Fakhrah S., Mohanty C., and Bag S., 2022, Transcriptome meta-analysis associated targeting hub genes and pathways of drought and salt stress responses in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum): a network biology approach, Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 818472. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.818472 Benny J., Marchese A., Giovino A., Marra F., Perrone A., Caruso T., and Martinelli F., 2020, Gaining insight into exclusive and common transcriptomic features linked to drought and salinity responses acROSs fruit tree crops, Plants, 9(9): 1059. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091059 PMid:32825043 PMCid:PMC7570245 Bhusal N., Lee M., Lee H., Adhikari A., Han A., Han A., and Kim H., 2021, Evaluation of morphological physiological and biochemical traits for assessing drought resistance in eleven tree species, The Science of the Total Environment, 779: 146466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146466 PMid:33744562 Chen J., Xue B., Xia X., and Yin W., 2013, A novel calcium-dependent protein kinase gene fromPopulus euphratica confers both drought and cold stress tolerance, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 441(3): 630-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.103 PMid:24177011 Dai X., Xu Y., Ma Q., Xu W., Wang T., Xue Y., and Chong K., 2007, Overexpression of an R1R2R3 MYB gene OsMYB3R-2 increases tolerance to freezing drought and salt stress in transgenic Arabidopsis, Plant Physiology, 143(4): 1739-1751. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.106.094532 PMid:17293435 PMCid:PMC1851822
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