Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 57-68 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 61 Genetic factors play an important role in studying the adaptation mechanisms of trees to cold environments. Li et al. (2022) By studying model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, scientists found that specific genes such as MbCBF2 play a key role in improving the low temperature tolerance of plants. Compared with wild type and control, transgenic plants (S1, S4, S5 ) maintained good growth status after low-temperature treatment and during recovery. Overexpression of this gene can significantly enhance the plant's resistance to cold damage. This discovery provides an important genetic perspective for understanding the cold-resistant adaptability of plants. 5.2 Case studies: genomic insights into cold resistance strategies Several case studies provide insights into the genomic strategies trees employ to resist cold stress. For example, a study on Populus euphratica identified a calcium-dependent protein kinase gene, PeCPK10, which enhances freezing tolerance by promoting the expression of abscisic acid-responsive and other stress-responsive genes (Chen et al., 2013). Another study on rice identified the OsMYB3R-2 gene, which increases tolerance to freezing, drought, and salt stress by acting as a master switch in stress tolerance (Dai et al., 2007). In cotton, the Raf-like MAPKKK gene GhRaf19 was found to positively regulate resistance to cold stress by modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, highlighting the role of ROS in cold stress response (Jia et al., 2016). Additionally, integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses in pepper species revealed key genes and metabolic pathways involved in cold stress response, such as the MAPK signaling pathway and flavonoid biosynthesis, which are essential for cold tolerance (Gao et al., 2022). Figure 2 Overexpression of MbCBF2improves the cold resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana(Adopted from Li et al., 2022) Image caption: (A) Semi-quantitative observation using MbCBF2-specific primers (MbCBF2+) and non-specific primers (MbCBF2-). (B) Phenotypes of MbCBF2 transgenic Arabidopsis lines under low temperature stress and recovery conditions. (C) Low temperature There is a significant difference in the survival rate of transgenic Arabidopsis (S1, S4 and S5) and WT lines under the conditions (**, p≤0.01) (Adopted from Li et al., 2022) 5.3 Innovations in gene editing for improving cold resistance Recent advancements in gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9, offer promising avenues for improving cold resistance in trees. For instance, the identification of conserved cold tolerance-related genes acROSs different
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