Tree Genetics and Molecular Breeding 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 43-56 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/tgmb 53 more precise and efficient breeding practices, reducing the time and resources required to develop improved tree varieties. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of preserving genetic diversity, which is essential for the adaptability and resilience of forest ecosystems in the face of climate change and other environmental stressors. The integration of genomics into forestry practices not only advances our scientific knowledge but also has practical applications in forest management and conservation efforts. Future research in tree genomics should focus on several key areas to further enhance our understanding and application of genetic information in forestry. There is a need for more extensive epigenomic studies to explore how epigenetic modifications influence gene expression and adaptation in trees. Advancing pangenomics can provide deeper insights into the genetic diversity within and between tree species, facilitating the discovery of novel genes and adaptive traits. The development and application of new technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 for genome editing hold great promise for precise genetic modifications that can enhance traits like pest resistance and climate adaptability. Increased funding and supportive policies are essential to sustain large-scale genomic projects and ensure the ethical and responsible use of genomic technologies. Collaborative research efforts and the establishment of centralized genomic databases will also be critical in advancing tree genomics and its applications in forestry science and conservation. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Ahmar S., Ballesta P., Ali M., and Mora-Poblete F., 2021, Achievements and challenges of genomics-assisted breeding in forest trees: from marker-assisted selection to genome editing, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(19): 10583. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910583 PMid:34638922 PMCid:PMC8508745 Aravanopoulos F., 2016, Conservation and monitoring of tree genetic resources in temperate forests, Current Forestry Reports, 2: 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-016-0038-8 Badenes M., Fernandez I.M.A., Ríos G., and Rubio-Cabetas M., 2016, Application of genomic technologies to the breeding of trees, Frontiers in Genetics, 7: 198. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2016.00198 PMid:27895664 PMCid:PMC5109026 Bansal G., Narta K., and Teltumbade M., 2018, Next-generation sequencing: technology, advancements, and applications. in next-generation sequencing and its applications, In: Shanker A. (ed.), Bioinformatics: sequences, structures, phylogeny, Springer, Singapore, pp.15-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1562-6_2 PMCid:PMC5750229 Begum T., and Robinson-Rechavi M., 2019, Special care is needed in applying phylogenetic comparative methods to gene trees with speciation and duplication nodes, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 38(4): 1614-1626. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa288 PMid:33169790 PMCid:PMC8042747 Blais C., and Archibald J., 2021, The past, present and future of the tree of life, Current Biology, 31(7): R314-R321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.052 PMid:33848480 Breed M., Harrison P., Blyth C., Byrne M., Gaget V., Gellie N., Groom S., Hodgson R., Mills J.G., Prowse T., Steane D., and Mohr J.J., 2019, The potential of genomics for restoring ecosystems and biodiversity, Nature Reviews Genetics, 22: 89-105. Caseys C., Stölting K.N., Barbara T., Gonzalez-Martínez S., and Lexer C., 2015, Patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation in resistance gene clusters of two hybridizing European Populus species, Tree Genetics and Genomes, 11: 81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-015-0904-8 Cordier T., Alonso-Saez L., Apothéloz-Perret-Gentil L., Aylagas E., Bohan D., Bouchez A., Chariton A., Creer S., Frühe L., Keck F., Keeley N., Laroche O., Leese F., Pochon X., Stoeck T., Pawłowski J., and Lanzén A., 2020, Ecosystems monitoring powered by environmental genomics: a review of current strategies with an implementation roadmap, Molecular Ecology, 30: 2937-2958. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15472
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