Plant Gene and Trait 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 194-205 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 199 The RcPIF proteins suppress RcCO activity especially under high temperatures and low light conditions. The RcPHYA activity under favorable light conditions reduces PIF activity and relieves suppression of RcFT. The downstream integrator RcSOC1 acts as a central node which combines light and temperature inputs to start flowering. Transcriptome studies confirm that RcHsfA6 expression under heat stress affects RcPIF stability and activity while RcCRY2 blue-light responses stabilize RcCO which relieve the effects of heat. RNA-Seq shows a circadian-light-temperature regulatory hub that coordinates environmental signals to determine floral gene expression. Researchers also identify long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) which regulate RcFT and RcSOC1 chromatin accessibility which enables the system to maintain stability across environmental gradients. Figure 2 The pathways of flavonoid biosynthesis and MAPK signaling pathway response to heat stress (Adopted from Wang et al., 2024) Image caption: (A) The flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. HCT: shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase; FLS: flavonol synthase; DFR: bifunctional dihydroflavonol 4-reductase/flavanone 4-reductase; ANS: anthocyanidin synthase; CHI: chalcone isomerase. (B) The MAPK signaling pathway. MKK3: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3; MPK6: mitogen-activated protein kinase 6; MYC2: transcription factor MYC2; VSP2: vegetative storage protein 2; RAN1/copA, P-type Cu + transporter; ETR/ERS: ethylene receptor; CTR1: serine/threonine-protein kinase; MPK3: mitogen-activated protein kinase 3; MPK6: mitogen-activated protein kinase 6; EIN2/3: ethylene-insensitive protein 2/3; ERF1: ethylene-responsive transcription factor 1; ChiB: basic endochitinase B. Log2-scaled FPKM or metabolites content are shown in different time points of leaf (here T0-T12, from left to right in each heatmap panel) are presented in the heatmap alongside the gene id. Low to high expression is indicated by a change in color from blue to red (Adopted from Wang et al., 2024)
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