Plant Gene and Trait 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 225-233 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 231 and optimization of key glycosyltransferases, researchers have achieved high-level production of various ginsenosides (such as Rg2, Re, Rg3, Rh2, etc.) in microorganisms, and the yield can even reach the gram level (Yao et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2022). Meanwhile, the development of synthetic microbial communities and modular reactors also provides new methods for increasing yield and diversity, which can convert inexpensive substrates (such as glucose) into high-value-added saponins (Li et al., 2022a). In addition, the combination of bioreactors and transgenic hairy root systems also provides a feasible approach for the large-scale production of ginseng active substances in vitro (Binh et al., 2023; Xu et al., 2023). 8.3 Prospects for next-generation functional foods and pharmaceuticals from P. ginseng Synthetic biology can not only increase the yield of ginsenosides, but also provide a basis for the development of new functional foods and drugs. By regulating the structure and content of saponins, high-value products with anti-cancer, immunomodulatory or antioxidant effects can be developed specifically (Yao et al., 2022). In addition, microbial transformation and enzymatic modification can further enrich the structure and activity of ginseng components, providing resources for the development of health foods and new drugs (Eom et al., 2018; Song et al., 2018). In the future, if synthetic biology, AI design and mass manufacturing are combined, ginseng is expected to become an important source of personalized nutrition and precision medicine (Li et al., 2022a). Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. Xia for his modification suggestions on the manuscript of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Binh N., Kim M., Giang V., Lee Y., Jayakodi M., Park H., Mohanan P., Kang K., Ryu B., Park E., Park T., and Yang T., 2023, Improved biomass and metabolite production in hairy root culture in various genotypes of Panax ginseng through genetic transformation, Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 156: 43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-023-02644-x Chopra P., Chhillar H., Kim Y., Jo I., Kim S., and Gupta R., 2021, Phytochemistry of ginsenosides: recent advancements and emerging roles, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 63: 613-640. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1952159 Dai L., Liu C., Li J., Dong C., Yang J., Dai Z., Zhang X., and Sun Y., 2018, One-pot synthesis of ginsenoside Rh2 and bioactive unnatural ginsenoside by coupling promiscuous glycosyltransferase from Bacillus subtilis 168 to sucrose synthase, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(11): 2830-2837. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00597 De Oliveira Zanuso B., De Oliveira Dos Santos A., Miola V., Campos L., Spilla C., and Barbalho S., 2022, Panax ginseng and aging related disorders: a systematic review, Experimental Gerontology, 161: 111731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2022.111731 Eom S., Kim K., and Paik H., 2018, Microbial bioconversion of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng and their improved bioactivities, Food Reviews International, 34: 698-712. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2018.1424183 Jiang J., Sun X., Akther M., Lian M., Quan L., Koppula S., Han J., Kopalli S., Kang T., and Lee K., 2020, Ginsenoside metabolite 20(S)-protopanaxatriol from Panax ginseng attenuates inflammation-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 251: 112564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112564 Jiang Y., He G., Li R., Wang K., Wang Y., Zhao M., and Zhang M., 2024, Functional validation of the cytochrome P450 family PgCYP309 gene in Panax ginseng, Biomolecules, 14(6): 715. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14060715 Kim N., Jayakodi M., Lee S., Choi B., Jang W., Lee J., Kim H., Waminal N., Lakshmanan M., Van Nguyen B., Lee Y., Park H., Koo H., Park J., Perumal S., Joh H., Lee H., Kim J., Kim I., Kim K., Koduru L., Kang K., Sung S., Yu Y., Park D., Choi D., Seo E., Kim S., Kim Y., Hyun D., Park Y., Kim C., Lee T., Kim H., Soh M., Lee Y., In J., Kim H., Kim Y., Yang D., Wing R., Lee D., Paterson A., and Yang T., 2018, Genome and evolution of the shade-requiring medicinal herb Panax ginseng, Plant Biotechnology Journal, 16: 1904-1917. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12926 Li C., Yan X., Xu Z., Wang Y., Shen X., Zhang L., Zhou Z., and Wang P., 2022a, Pathway elucidation of bioactive rhamnosylated ginsenosides in Panax ginseng and their de novo high-level production by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Communications Biology, 5: 775. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-03740-y
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