Plant Gene and Trait 2025, Vol.16, No.5, 194-205 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 200 4.3 Hypothetical model for rose light-temperature interactions The evidence supports a model in which photoreceptors and thermosensors combine signals through RcPIFs and RcCO and RcSOC1 to regulate RcFT expression. The model shows that RcPHYA and RcCRY2 maintain RcCO stability under long days and moderate temperatures which allows RcFT activation and flowering induction. The floral initiation also requires the suppression of temperature-sensitive regulators such as RcHsfA6 and FLC-like genes (Wang et al., 2025). Stress conditions increase PIF expression which reduces RcCOand RcFT activity. Epigenetic regulators such as methylation at FLC-like loci also contribute to flowering delays. The dual-input control system provides high levels of flowering plasticity that enables R. chinensis to adapt to different climates (Yu et al., 2023). The model requires validation through experiments such as ChIP to confirm RcPIF4 binding at the RcFT promoter and luciferase reporter assays to test RcCO-RcFT activation under different conditions. Scientists also require transgenic lines with RcPIFs and RcPHYA and FLC-like knockouts and overexpression to test the architecture of the network. The potential outcome includes the use of molecular breeding and biotechnological techniques to produce stress-resistant cultivars which demonstrates a sustainable path for rose production in unstable climates. 5 Controlled Cultivation and Phenotypic Outcomes 5.1 Advantages of controlled cultivation conditions for flowering research The controlled environments of glasshouse and greenhouse systems allow scientists to investigate flowering control in Rosa chinensis with precision because they can manage environmental parameters. The natural outdoor conditions create unavoidable variations in light intensity and photoperiod and temperature across the seasons and weather changes. The controlled systems allow for precise experimental design. Scientists investigate photoperiodic responses and thermal sensitivities and synchronous flowering through year-round monitoring which cannot occur in outdoor environments (Cola et al., 2020). The controlled systems also eliminate biological stresses such as pathogens which allows researchers to focus on the influence of abiotic signals such as light spectra and temperature gradients. The systems help identify genotype-environment interactions and test hypotheses about flowering time and morphology and quality. 5.2 Phenotypic outcomes under varying light–temperature combinations The experimental cultivation of R. chinensis under different light and temperature conditions produces phenotypic changes. Plants flower more profusely with larger and more uniform blooms when grown under long-day photoperiods and moderate temperatures. Short-day photoperiods combined with high temperatures cause flowers to develop reduced symmetry and less pigment accumulation according to Wang et al. (2024). The use of LED lighting systems allows researchers to control light quality manually. The enriched far-red and blue spectra induce specific flowering results. The research demonstrates that these technologies accelerate floral induction and extend vase life for cut roses (Rosa hybrida) (Trivellini et al., 2023). 5.3 Implications for year-round flowering and commercial production The cultivation studies provide significant commercial implications for rose production. The combination of optimized light spectra and temperature buffering systems allows producers to control flowering across different seasons which guarantees continuous supply to meet consumer demand (Sapounas et al., 2020; Hu and You, 2022). These practices reduce energy waste and improve resource efficiency because they often integrate data-driven climate control and renewable energy sources. Controlled cultivation not only serves as a scientific tool but also as a practical requirement for sustainability in high-value horticultural production. 6 Case Study: Flowering Management at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 6.1 Case context The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew in London represents one of the most prominent botanical institutions in the world which combines scientific research with conservation and public education. The rose garden forms a central
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