Plant Gene and Trait 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 92-103 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 94 relies on regulatory elements at the 5’ and 3’ ends: one ensures that it is expressed only in bundle sheath cells, and the other ensures that the expression level is high enough. These mechanisms are not simply set, but multi-level and intricately regulate the expression of C4 enzymes-any slight change may affect the entire carbon fixation process (Taylor et al., 1997). Figure 1 Schematic representation of the photosynthetic metabolism of three C4 subtypes distinguished according to the decarboxylating enzyme. Numbers refer to enzymes: (1) PEPC, (2) NADP-malate dehydrogenase, (3) NADP-ME, (4) pyruvate-Pi dikinase, (5) Rubisco, (6) PCK, (7) Ala aminotransferase, (8) Asp aminotransferase, (9) NAD-malate dehydrogenase, (10) NAD-ME. Some steps were hidden for the sake of simplicity. 3PGA, 3-Phosphoglycerate; DHAP, dihydroxyacetonephosphate; OAA, oxaloacetate; RuBP, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (Adopted from De Oliveira Dal’Molin et al., 2010)
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