Plant Gene and Trait 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 123-132 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 130 production target (Berghage et al., 2024). Overall, it is recommended to adopt methods such as intelligent regulation and control equipment, low-density cultivation, high-quality management, and the combination of multiple trellis to better cope with climate change and market demands (Omerkhil et al., 2023; Guo et al., 2025). 10 Concluding Remarks Appropriately reducing the planting density of cucumbers, for instance, by 2.25 plants per square meter, not only will the total output not decrease, but each cucumber plant will also bear more fruits, and the quality of the fruits will be better. For example, the content of sugar, vitamin C and flavonoids will be higher, and the nitrite content will be lower instead. Although a higher density may lead to a greater total output and an increase in the number of commercial fruits, individual fruits may become smaller and their quality may decline. Using high-line trellises (high-rack planting) can make the weekly yield of cucumbers more stable. Although the improved umbrella trellis can enable each plant to produce more and heavier fruits, the yield may not be very stable. Compared with ground planting, vertical trellis performs better. It can double the number of commercial fruits, with more uniform fruit sizes and more beautiful colors. Moreover, it has fewer diseases and is easier to harvest. If the goal is to grow high-quality fruits, it is recommended to reduce the planting density to 2.25 plants per square meter. However, if more emphasis is placed on the total output, the density can be appropriately increased. High-line trellises are more suitable for those who want a stable yield, while umbrella-shaped trellises are more appropriate for growers who pursue high yields. No matter which type it is, three-dimensional trellis can increase yield and quality, and at the same time, they are more convenient for pest control and picking. They are recommended for priority consideration. At present, there is still a lack of research on the behavior of pollinating insects and pollination efficiency caused by different frame types. In the future, you can focus on studying it. For example, see which kind of shelf is more attractive to insects like bees and whether it is related to the number of flowers. In addition, the long-term impact of different densities combined with different trellis on aspects such as the proportion of commercial fruits, fruit uniformity, and harvesting efficiency also needs to be further evaluated. In the future, it is also possible to try to study the combination of planting density, trellis style and associated plants together to see which combination is most conducive to improving pollination and yield. Establishing a more universal planting model based on different climates and planting methods will be very helpful for precise planting. Acknowledgments The authors appreciate the modification suggestions from two anonymous peer reviewers on the manuscript of this study and thank the team members for helping to organize the research data. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Ayala-Tafoya F., López-Orona C., Yáñez-Juárez M., Díaz-Valdez T., Velázquez-Alcaraz T., and Delgado J., 2019, Plant density and stem pruning in greenhouse cucumber production, Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, 10: 79-90. https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v10i1.1211 Babatunde A., Simon T., Deborah R., and Gan M., 2023, Effects of plant density and stem pruning on plant biomass yield and economic benefits in a low-cost gravel bed aquaponic system, Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 35: 837-863. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2022.2033664 Berghage R., Kile L., and Sánchez E., 2024, A comparison between modified-umbrella and high-wire trellising systems in a low-profile greenhouse for hydroponic beit alpha cucumber, HortTechnology, 34(3): 339-344. https://doi.org/10.21273/horttech05405-24 Chauhan A., and Singh H., 2022, Stingless bee Tetragonula iridipennis and honey bee Apis cerana pollination in cucumber, Indian Journal of Entomology, 84(3): 546-550. https://doi.org/10.55446/ije.2021.282 Ding X., Nie W., Qian T., He L., Zhang H., Jin H., Cui J., Wang H., Zhou Q., and Yu J., 2022, Low plant density improves fruit quality without affecting yield of cucumber in different cultivation periods in greenhouse, Agronomy, 12(6): 1441. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061441
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