Plant Gene and Trait 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 113-122 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 120 may occur. All these will affect the yield and fruit quality (Zhou et al., 2019; Deng et al., 2024). If mechanical operations are frequently carried out in humid weather, it is also easy for the soil to be compacted, the root system is not easy to grow, and air and water are not easy to enter the soil. The grapevines will not grow well and the yield will also be affected (Mattii et al., 2021). Furthermore, high-density continuous planting may also lead to a decrease in microorganisms in the soil, a reduction in beneficial bacteria and an increase in pathogenic bacteria, which will also affect the ecological balance of the vineyard (Wilson et al., 2020; Deng et al., 2024). At present, systematic research on these long-term effects is insufficient. Further research is needed on how to optimize management to enable sustainable development of high-density planting as well (Wilson et al., 2020; Mattii et al., 2021; Gonzalez-Maldonado et al., 2024). 10 Concluding Remarks High-density planting has put forward higher requirements for the growth, stress resistance and fruit quality of grape varieties. When choosing varieties, in addition to having a compact tree shape and a moderate canopy, they should also be suitable for mechanical harvesting to reduce fruit loss and improve quality. Nowadays, by combining molecular breeding with high-throughput phenotypic analysis, key genes related to fruit quality and stress resistance can be identified more quickly, accelerating the cultivation of new varieties that are high-yielding, high-quality and suitable for mechanization. In addition, whether the combination of rootstocks and varieties is appropriate, as well as whether management methods like high-rack pruning are adopted, will also directly affect the yield and fruit quality. All these need to be considered together in breeding and cultivation. Precision agriculture technology has provided a lot of help for the management of high-density vineyards. Through genotyping, automated phenotypic monitoring, and real-time collection of environmental and growth data, growers can dynamically understand the structure of branches and leaves, fruit development, and pest and disease conditions. They can also precisely adjust water, fertilizer, and harvest time based on these data. This not only enhances management efficiency, but also improves fruit quality and yield, avoids resource waste, and helps achieve sustainable development of high-density planting and mechanized harvesting. Nowadays, combining high-density planting with mechanized harvesting has become an important way to increase grape yields and fruit quality. This model can make more effective use of land, water and sunlight, reduce labor input and increase the economic benefit per mu. However, if they are planted too densely, problems such as overly dense canopies, poor ventilation, and a decline in fruit quality are also likely to occur. Therefore, both the planting density and the management methods need to be scientifically designed. In the future, with the continuous upgrading of variety breeding, precision agriculture and mechanization technologies, this high-density + mechanized grape cultivation method is expected to be more widely promoted globally, driving the grape industry towards high-quality and sustainable development. Acknowledgments GenBreed Publisher appreciates the comments from Professor Lai on the manuscript of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Aguila J., and Domingues F., 2016, The cost of grape mechanical harvesting is more economical than the manual harvest, BIO Web of Conferences, 7: 01023. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20160701023 Bai Z., Pei S., Liao Z., Fan J., Wen L., Lai Z., Li Z., and Zhang F., 2023, Economic evaluation and risk premium estimation of rainfed soybean under various planting practices in a semi-humid drought-prone region of northwest China, Agronomy, 13(11): 2840. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13112840 Bono F., Vallone M., Catania P., and Alleri M., 2019, Quality evaluation of grapes for mechanical harvest using vis NIR spectroscopy, Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Journal, 21: 140-149. Brar S., and Bindra A., 2015, Effect of plant density on vine growth, yield, fruit quality and nutrient status in Perlette grapevines, Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research, 25: 96-106.
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