Plant Gene and Trait 2025, Vol.16, No.3, 104-112 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 109 identification of stable QTLs for yield-related traits through Meta-QTL analysis, combined with optimized nitrogen management, has provided a comprehensive framework for improving rice yield under various conditions (Khahani et al., 2021; Aloryi et al., 2022). 6 Integrated Approaches for Enhancing Rice Yield 6.1 Integration of genetic mapping and agronomic practices The integration of genetic mapping tools with agronomic management has become increasingly important in modern rice breeding. While genetic mapping alone has allowed researchers to pinpoint loci associated with key traits, its impact is greatly amplified when combined with on-the-ground agronomic knowledge. For instance, Meta-QTL analysis has enabled the identification of stable QTLs linked to yield-related traits across multiple environments, providing breeders with reliable genetic targets (Khahani et al., 2021; Aloryi et al., 2022). However, these genetic insights do not operate in a vacuum-optimized nitrogen management, for example, is often necessary to fully express the potential of favorable alleles. In many breeding programs, the practical value of QTLs is only realized when they are paired with regionally adapted field practices. This combined approach has proven particularly valuable under variable environmental conditions, where genetic resilience and responsive agronomy must go hand in hand. As such, the synergy between mapping techniques and agronomic strategies represents a crucial step toward closing the yield gap in rice cultivation. 6.2 Regional variations in yield improvement success Regional variations significantly influence the success of yield improvement techniques. For instance, in China, traditional nitrogen management practices have been adjusted to improve both yield and eating quality, demonstrating the importance of region-specific agronomic practices (Cheng et al., 2021). In contrast, in regions facing water deficits, genetic approaches such as meta-QTL analysis have identified stable QTLs for yield-related traits under water stress conditions, highlighting the need for drought-resistant varieties (Khahani et al., 2021). Additionally, the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) has focused on accelerating genetic improvements in Asia and Africa to meet the growing demand for rice, emphasizing the role of regional breeding programs (Juma et al., 2021). 6.3 Identification of synergistic strategies Synergistic strategies that combine genetic, agronomic, and socio-economic approaches have shown the most promise in improving rice yields. For example, the integration of optimized management practices with genetic improvements in super hybrid rice has led to significant yield gains and enhanced nitrogen use efficiency (Deng et al., 2022). Similarly, the combination of genetic insights from genome-wide association studies with practical agronomic interventions, such as adjusting nitrogen application, has been recommended to further enhance rice yield potential (Su et al., 2021). These synergistic strategies underscore the importance of a holistic approach to rice yield improvement, leveraging the strengths of multiple disciplines to achieve sustainable productivity gains. 7 Implications for Future Research and Policy Despite significant advancements in rice yield improvement, several research gaps remain. One critical area is the need for more localized studies to understand the specific factors contributing to yield gaps in different regions. For instance, studies have shown that yield gaps in Eastern and Southern Africa are influenced by factors such as straw management, weeding frequency, and fertilizer application. Similarly, in China, yield gaps are affected by climatic conditions and soil nutrient content. Therefore, future research should prioritize region-specific studies to identify and address the unique challenges faced by rice farmers in different areas. Another priority is the development of integrated crop management practices that can enhance resource-use efficiency. Research has demonstrated that high yields and high resource-use efficiencies are not mutually exclusive goals. By focusing on improving soil, plant, and nutrient management measures, it is possible to narrow yield gaps and increase nutrient use efficiency (NUE). Additionally, there is a need for more studies that decompose yield gaps into efficiency, resource, and technology gaps to better target research and development efforts.
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