Plant Gene and Trait 2025, Vol.16, No.1, 23-31 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 26 Figure 2 Population structure of Eucommia ulmoides prepared using the STRUCTURE program (Adopted from Yu et al., 2015) Image caption: As revealed using inter-simple sequence repeat markers (a); sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers (b) (Adopted from Yu et al., 2015) Yu et al. (2015) analyzed the population structure of Eucommia ulmoides using the STRUCTURE program and two molecular markers, ISSR and SRAP, and found that there were obvious genetic groups within the population of Eucommia ulmoides, indicating that it has a high genetic diversity. The ISSR marking shows a complex population structure with multiple small subpopulations. The SRAP markers more clearly show the differentiation among the main genetic populations, indicating that combining different types of molecular markers can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic situation of Eucommia ulmoides. This study emphasizes that the use of multiple molecular markers can more accurately analyze the population structure and genetic diversity of plants. 4.1.3 Phylogeographic studies Chloroplast DNA is single-parent inheritance with a slow rate of change and is very useful in systematic geography research. Hu et al. (2019) hold that this type of marking is useful for understanding the historical changes and evolutionary process of a species in space. In the study of Eucommia ulmoides, the analysis of chloroplast genomes confirmed that it is a “sister species” to Aucuba japonica in Japan, providing new clues for understanding the systematic geographical history of Eucommia ulmoides. Moghaddam et al. (2021) demonstrated that such research could help clarify howEucommia ulmoides was previously distributed and possibly migrated. 4.2 Phylogenetic and evolutionary studies In 2023, Du et al. discovered the genetic relationship between Eucommia ulmoides and other plants through complete chloroplast genome analysis, and it is clustered in the same branch as Aucuba japonica in Japan. Some chloroplast regions with particularly large variations have also been identified, which is beneficial for studying the relationships between species with relatively close classifications. Walker et al. (2014) demonstrated in their early research that these markers laid the foundation for studying the evolutionary process and genetic ties of Eucommia ulmoides in a larger plant phylogenetic context. 4.3 Conservation genetics Yu et al. (2015) obtained data on the genetic diversity and population structure of Eucommia ulmoides through chloroplast molecular markers. This information is useful for identifying different genetic populations and regions with high genetic diversity, and can also provide a basis for conservation efforts. These data can also be used to establish a “core germplasm bank” to preserve the most crucial genetic resources. Chloroplast labeling can also be used to guide breeding work and improve the genetic stability of Eucommia ulmoides populations. Zhou et al. (2021) demonstrated that chloroplast molecular markers provide significant data support and research tools for studying the genetic differences, phylogeny, and geographical history of Eucommia ulmoides.
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