Plant Gene and Trait 2024, Vol.15, No.6, 314-322 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 314 Research Report Open Access A Systematic Review of the Molecular Mechanisms of Cysteine Synthase Gene GRA78in Regulating Rice Leaf Color Jianquan Li Hier Rice Research Center, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Sanya, 572025, Hainan, China Corresponding email: Jianquanli@hotmail.com Plant Gene and Trait, 2024, Vol.15, No.6 doi: 10.5376/pgt.2024.15.0031 Received: 21 Nov., 2024 Accepted: 22 Dec., 2024 Published: 31 Dec., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Li, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Li J.Q., 2024, A systematic review of the molecular mechanisms of cysteine synthase gene GRA78 in regulating rice leaf color, Plant Gene and Trait, 15(6): 314-322 (doi: 10.5376/pgt.2024.15.0031) Abstract This study mainly talks about a gene called GRA78 and how it affects the color of rice leaves. Cysteine is a very important amino acid and the precursor of many biological molecules. The study found that the GRA78 gene played a major role in the development of chloroplasts during the rice seedling period. Rice with GRA78 mutations will have white leaves at an early stage, but this phenomenon is only affected by temperature and has nothing to do with the light exposure time. Through the method of positional cloning, the researchers found the candidate gene LOC_Os01g59920 of GRA78. The protein it encodes is very similar to the CS26 protein in Arabidopsis. Complementation experiments further confirmed that the mutation of LOC_Os01g59920 is the cause of the albinism of the GRA78 mutant. GRA78 is expressed in all tissues of rice, and the protein it encodes is mainly in chloroplasts. Further analysis found that after the GRA78 mutation, the expression levels of four homologous genes of the OASTL family and five genes related to photosynthesis in rice were significantly reduced. This study summarizes the current understanding of the function of GRA78 and emphasizes its important role in cysteine synthesis and chloroplast development. It also provides new clues for understanding the regulatory mechanism of cysteine synthase genes in plants. Keywords Cysteine synthase; GRA78; Rice leaf color; Chloroplast development; Gene regulation 1 Introduction Leaf color of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important trait. It not only affects the efficiency of photosynthesis, but also affects the health and final yield of the plant. Leaf color changes are usually related to genetic mutations or environmental stress, which can affect the development and function of chloroplasts. For example, a green-recoverable albino mutant called graS affects the chloroplast formation and photosynthesis capacity of rice, thereby affecting yield (Usman et al., 2021). Therefore, it is important to understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms that lead to leaf color changes in order to improve rice cultivation and breeding. The cysteine synthase gene plays a critical role in plants. It helps synthesize cysteine, an important amino acid and the precursor of many important biological molecules. In Arabidopsis, scientists have found nine genes called OASTL (O-acetylserine (sulfur) lyase). Among them, the protein encoded by the CS26 gene is particularly important in chloroplast development and leaf color regulation (Zhou et al., 2020). In rice, the GRA78 gene also encodes a putative S-sulfurcysteine synthase. Studies have found that when GRA78 mutates, rice seedlings will show green-recoverable albinism at an early stage, indicating that it plays a very important role in chloroplast development and function (Zhou et al., 2020). The main purpose of this study is to systematically sort out how the cysteine synthase gene GRA78 affects the color of rice leaves. The researchers carefully studied GRA78 from genetic, biochemical and physiological aspects to find out what role it plays in chloroplast development. The study also wants to see what greater impact this gene has on rice growth and agricultural production. These findings may be helpful in the future, such as using genetic methods to make rice grow better, have higher yields, and be more resistant to adversity. 2 Cysteine Synthase Gene Family 2.1 Structure and function of cysteine synthase genes Cysteine synthase genes encode an enzyme that converts O-acetylserine and inorganic sulfide into cysteine. This
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