Plant Gene and Trait 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 265-274 http://genbreedpublisher.com/index.php/pgt 270 Figure 2 Overexpression of AcMYB3R results in enhanced drought or salt tolerance (Adopted from Zhang et al., 2019) Image caption: A and B, phenotypes and the root length of wild type (WT) and AcMYB3R-overexpressing lines (#3, #5 and #6) under mimic drought stress on 0.5× MS medium. C, phenotype of WT and AcMYB3R-overexpressing lines (#3, #5 and #6) before and after drought stress treatments in pots. D and E, phenotypes and the root length of WT and AcMYB3R-overexpressing lines (#3, #5 and #6) under salt stress on 0.5× MS medium. F, phenotype of WT and AcMYB3R-overexpressing lines (#3, #5 and #6) before and after NaCl treatment in pots (Adopted from Zhang et al., 2019) 5.2 Lessons learned from these case studies and their implications for future breeding efforts The case studies highlight several key lessons that can inform future breeding efforts for stress-tolerant kiwifruit varieties. Firstly, the identification and functional characterization of specific transcription factors, such as AcMYB3R and AchnABF1, demonstrate the importance of targeted genetic modifications to enhance stress tolerance. These findings suggest that future breeding programs should focus on identifying and manipulating key regulatory genes involved in stress responses (Zhang et al., 2019). Secondly, the studies underscore the value of using diverse germplasm resources, such as the ZM-H genotype fromA. valvata, which exhibited strong salt tolerance. This indicates that exploring and utilizing genetic diversity within and across kiwifruit species can lead to the development of more resilient varieties (Abid et al., 2020). The integration of advanced molecular techniques, such as transcriptome and metabolome analyses, has proven effective in uncovering the complex regulatory networks involved in stress tolerance. These approaches should be incorporated into future breeding programs to gain a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying stress responses (Li et al., 2021; Abid et al., 2022). Additionally, the successful use of heterologous expression systems, as seen in the overexpression of AcMYB3R and AchnABF1 in Arabidopsis, highlights the potential of cross-species gene transfer to validate the function of candidate genes. This strategy can accelerate the identification of valuable genes for stress tolerance and their subsequent application in kiwifruit breeding (Zhang et al., 2019; Jin et al., 2021). The studies emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, combining physiological, biochemical, and molecular analyses to develop a holistic understanding of stress tolerance. Future breeding efforts should adopt
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